In the present study, arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide (RGD) surface functionalized liposomes (Lips) were formulated for the concomitant targeted delivery of two antineoplastic drugs, namely curcumin (Cur) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) to breast cancer cells. The Lips' measured size values where 50-100 nm by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and 169 ± 10.2 nm by dynamic light scattering (DLS), which fall within the desired range required for drug delivery purposes. In this study, we assessed the antineoplastic effects of various liposomal formulations for the codelivery of Cur and 5FU to MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We evaluated two liposomal formulations (Lip-Cur-5FU) and (Lip-Cur-5FU-RGD). The treatment of MCF-7 cells with 32 µg/mL of Cur exhibited a significant ( < 0.0001) drop in cell viability among the three formulations, namely Cur and 5Fu in the free form (Lip-Cur-5FU) and liposomal form (Lip-Cur-5FU-RGD); the least viability rate (9.91% ± 1.65%) corresponded to the RGD functionalized concomitantly Cur and 5Fu loaded Lips (Lip-Cur-5FU-RGD) formulation. On the other hand, liposomal Cur increased the rate of early apoptotic cell by 4.88% without altering the rate of late apoptotic cells. Furthermore, the concomitant treatment of MCF-7 cells with Cur and 5FU enhanced the overall apoptosis rate, where Cur-5FU in the RGD functionalized-liposomal form induced the highest (16.8%) apoptosis rate, while other Cur-5FU formulations, free and nonfunctionalized liposomal form, induced lower apoptosis rates (10.4% and 10.9%, respectively). Collectively our results demonstrated that the implementation of RGD-functionalized Lips for the concomitant delivery of Cur and 5FU enhanced their therapeutic efficacy against this breast cancer model.

Curcumin is one of the natural anticancer drugs but its efficiency is limited by low stability, insufficient bioavailability, poor solubility, and poor permeability. (Bilhar) is a herb with precious pharmaceutical properties. This study aimed to develop a nanoliposome-based curcumin and Bilhar extract codelivery system. The nanocompounds were synthesized using the lipid thin-film hydration method and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering techniques, and their cytotoxicity and apoptotic effect on the primary oral cancer cell line were evaluated via 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay and flow cytometry. Moreover, the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in the treated cells was assessed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. Based on the results, nanoliposomes had a size of 91 ± 10 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.13. Free curcumin, the extract, and the curcumin-extract combination showed dose-dependent toxicity against cancer cells; yet, the extract (IC: 86 g/ml) and curcumin-extract (IC: 65 g/ml) activities were much more than curcumin (IC: 121 g/ml). Also, the curcumin and extract loaded on liposomes showed a dose and time-dependent cytotoxicity. After loading the curcumin-extract compound on nanoliposomes, their IC decreased from 180 g/ml (within 24 hr) to 43 g/ml (within 72 hr), indicating their sustainable release and activity. Likewise, this compound induced the highest apoptosis percentage (95%) in cancerous cells and inhibited the expression of the EGFR gene in the cells by 81% ± 3%. These findings demonstrated the effectiveness of the Bilhar extract against oral cancer cells. Also, in combination with curcumin, it showed an additive activity that considerably improved after loading on nanoliposomes.

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) membrane-coated metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent an innovative approach to enhance the uptake and therapeutic efficacy of copper-based MOFs (Cu-MOFs) in tumor cells. By leveraging the natural homing abilities and biocompatibility of MSC membranes, Cu-MOFs can be effectively targeted to tumor sites, promoting increased cellular uptake. This coating not only facilitates superior internalization by cancer cells but also augments the therapeutic outcomes due to the enhanced delivery of copper ions. In vitro studies demonstrate that MSC membrane-coated Cu-MOFs (MSC-Cu-MOFs) significantly improve the cytotoxic effects on tumor cells compared to uncoated Cu-MOFs. This novel strategy presents a promising avenue for advancing the precision and effectiveness of cancer treatment modalities, showcasing potential for clinical applications in oncology.

As a naturally derived inhibitor of autophagy, Kushenol E (KE) is a biprenylated flavonoid and is isolated from , which has been used for the treatment of cancer, hepatitis, and skin diseases. However, KE, as a poorly soluble drug, exhibited strong autophagy regulating activity in in vitro cancer cell lines, but no related studies have reported its antiovarian cancer property. Therefore, it is very beneficial to enhance the antineoplastic properties of KE by establishing an ovarian tumor-targeting nanoparticle system modified with tumor-homing c(RGDfK) peptides. In the current study, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-modified with cyclic RGDfK peptide (PLGA-PEG-c(RGDfK))-KE micelles (PPCKM) were prepared to overcome the poor water solubility of KE to meet the requirement of tumor-active targeting. The effect of PPCKM on ovarian cancer was evaluated on SKOV-3 cells and xenograft models in BALB/c nude mice. The PPCKM showed a higher drug cumulative release ratio (82.16 ± 7.69% vs. 34.96 ± 3.05%, at 1.5 h) with good morphology, particle size (93.41 ± 2.84 nm), and entrapment efficiency (89.7% ± 1.3%). The cell viability, migration, and apoptosis analysis of SKOV-3 cells demonstrated that PPCKM retained potent antitumor effects and promoted apoptosis at early and advanced stages with concentration-dependent. Based on the establishment of xenograft models in BALB/c nude mice, we discovered that PPCKM reduced tumor volume and weight, inhibited proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67 expression, as well as promoted apoptosis by targeting the tumor site. The findings in this study suggest that PPCKM may serve as an effective therapeutic option for ovarian cancer.

Global concerns due to the negative impacts of untreatable wounds, as well as the growing population of these patients, emphasize the critical need for advancements in the wound healing materials and techniques. Nanotechnology offers encouraging avenues for improving wound healing process. In this context, nanoparticles (NPs) and certain natural materials, including chitosan (CS) and aloe vera (AV), have demonstrated the potential to promote healing effects. The objective of this investigation is to assess the effect of novel fabricated nanocomposite gel containing CS, AV, and zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs) on the wound healing process. The ZnO NPs were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Then, CS/AV gel with different ratios was prepared and loaded with ZnO NPs. The obtained formulations were characterized based on an antimicrobial study, and the best formulations were used for the animal study to assess their wound healing effects in 21 days. The ZnO NPs were produced with an average 33 nm particle size and exhibited rod shape morphology. Prepared gels were homogenous with good spreadability, and CS/AV/ZnO NPs formulations showed higher antimicrobial effects against , . The wound healing findings showed significant wound area reduction in the CS/AV/ZnO NPs group compared to negative control at day 21. Histopathological assessment revealed the advantageous impact of this formulation across various stages of the wound healing process, including collagen deposition (CS/AV/ZnO NPs (2 : 1), 76.6 ± 3.3 compared to negative control, 46.2 ± 3.7) and epitheliogenesis (CS/AV/ZnO NPs (2 : 1), 3 ± 0.9 compared to negative control, 0.8 ± 0.8). CS/AV gel-loaded ZnO NPs showed significant effectiveness in wound healing and would be suggested as a promising formulation in the wound healing process. Further assessments are warranted to ensure the robustness of our findings.

This study investigates the development of nanoparticles derived from algal polysaccharides and evaluates their physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory activity in comparison to their native counterparts. Polysaccharides extracted from (SP), (UP), and (PP) were subjected to dry-heating at various temperatures to form nanoparticles. The prepared polysaccharides and nanoparticles were characterized by molecular weight distribution, monosaccharide composition, yield, morphology, particle size, sulfate content, and functional group profiles, respectively. The nanoparticles were spherical in form, with diameter less than 500 nm. Furthermore, their polydispersity index (PDI) was observed to be lower than 0.4, and their zeta potentials ranged from -5 to -30 mV. Dry-heating above 210°C induced notable alterations in functional groups, while temperatures above 150°C significantly enhanced DPPH radical scavenging and Fe chelation activities. The nanoparticles showcased enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities when juxtaposed with crude polysaccharides. Specifically, they led to a significant suppression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced generation of key pro-inflammatory molecules in macrophages. Importantly, the nanoparticles exhibited no cytotoxicity at concentrations below 1000 g/mL. These findings suggest that algal polysaccharide-based nanoparticles, particularly those formed at higher temperatures, hold considerable potential as bioactive agents in therapeutic applications.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1049/nbt2.12107.].

Herein, chitosan nanoparticle (CHIT) was used as a safe and biocompatible matrix to carry flaxseed ( L.) extract (FSE). The number of main features and bio-interface properties of CHIT-FSE were determined by SEM, DLS, FTIR, XRD, TGA, and zeta potential analyses and compared to those of chitosan lacking FSE. A GC-MS analysis was also conducted to reveal the bioactive compounds of FSE. The active anchoring of the FSE phytomolecules over chitosan nanoparticles with enhanced thermal and structural stability was correspondingly verified. Subsequently, the influence of CHIT-FSE, CHIT-TPP, and FSE supplementation was assessed on hormonal and biochemical markers of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in female rats and compared with untreated and healthy control groups. After 16 days of treatment, CHIT-FSE represented the best performance for controlling the serum levels of the studied biochemical (lipid profile and blood glucose level) and hormonal (insulin, testosterone, luteinizing, and follicle-stimulating hormone) parameters. Considering the negligible therapeutic activity of CHIT-TPP, the enhanced activity of CHIT-FSE compared to only FSE was expounded based on the potent action of chitosan nanoparticles in enhanced stabilization, bioavailability, transport, and permeability of the therapeutically important phytomolecules. As per the results of this investigation, supporting medically important biomolecules over chitosan can enhance their therapeutic effectiveness in controlling PCOS.

Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (pEVs) are a potent fraction of platelet concentrates, enhancing their therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine. This study evaluates pEV from three platelet sources: platelet lysate (PL), fresh platelets (fPs), and aged platelets (aPs), to determine how activation and storage conditions affect pEV characteristics, functionality, and molecular content. pEV are isolated using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), western blot, and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Functional assays include wound healing, metabolic activity, and cytotoxicity. Protein and miRNA profiles are obtained through LC-MS/MS and miRNA arrays, followed by bioinformatic analysis. Findings show that PL-derived pEV exhibits the highest yield and purity, containing markers CD63 and CD9. Enhanced fibroblast migration in wound healing assays suggest a critical role for PL-pEV in hemostasis, proliferation, and remodeling phases. Multiomics analysis identifies upregulated miRNAs, particularly miR-210-3p and the miR-320 family, associated with wound healing. Differential protein analysis reveals an enrichment in immune response and wound healing pathways within PL-pEV. These results demonstrate the impact of platelet preparation methods on pEV molecular cargo and efficacy, with hsa-miR-320a, hsa-miR-320b, and hsa-miR-210-3p identified as key mediators supporting the clinical potential of PL-pEV in regenerative medicine.

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a promising approach that combines low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS) with a sensitizing agent to induce therapeutic effects. Curcumin-coated silver nanoparticles (Cur@AgNPs) have shown potential as a sensitizer, demonstrating adverse effects on cancer cell survival. This study examined the apoptotic effects of US waves in the presence of Cur@AgNPs on MCF7 breast cancer cells. MCF7 cells were cultured and divided into different treatment groups. Cur@AgNPs were synthesized and characterized using various techniques, confirming their size to be approximately 29.3 ± 5.6 nm. The IC50 of Cur@AgNPs in MCF7 cells was determined to be 48.23 µg/ml through the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. LIUS radiation was applied to the cells in different modes, both with and without Cur@AgNPs. Cell viability was evaluated using the MTT assay and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured. Colony formation assay and real-time PCR were conducted to evaluate cell death and changes in gene expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and Caspase-3, respectively. The findings confirmed the successful synthesis of Cur@AgNPs with a uniform size of approximately 29.3 ± 5.6 nm. In the continuous wave (CW) and pulse wave (PW) modes, 50% and 25%, cell viability was measured at 65.01% ± 1.35%, 73.75% ± 1.80%, and 80.76% ± 1.57%, respectively. Cell viability in CW with Cur@AgNPs was 16.9% ± 4%. The plating efficiency (PE) of the combined treatment group was 13.66 ± 1.24, compared to 39.33 ± 1.24 for the US.CW group and 68.66 ± 2.62 for the Cur@AgNPs group. Also, the expression of proapoptotic genes, such as Bax and Caspase-3, increased, while the expression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 decreased in MCF7 cells treated with the SDT. Flow cytometry analysis revealed increased rates of early apoptosis (21.22% ± 3.82%) and late apoptosis (36.59% ± 4.5%) in the US.CW + Cur@AgNPs. This study provides novel insights into the induction of apoptosis in MCF7 breast cancer cells through SDT in the presence of Cur@AgNPs as a sonosensitizer. These findings support the potential of SDT as an effective therapeutic approach for breast cancer treatment using nonionizing and noninvasive methods.

Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicate materials known for their unique structures and small pores, making them highly suitable for various applications, including antimicrobial uses. Their porous surfaces enable them to act as carriers for metal ions, enhancing their antibacterial potential. A recent comprehensive review of the literature assessed the antibacterial activity of both natural and synthetic zeolites, with a specific focus on their performance after being modified with metal ions. The study confirmed that while unmodified zeolites possess some inherent antibacterial properties, their effectiveness is generally limited to high concentrations. In contrast, zeolites modified with metal ions, such as silver (Ag), copper (Cu), or zinc (Zn), demonstrate significantly enhanced antimicrobial effects at much lower concentrations. Among the metal-modified zeolites, Ag-treated zeolite A (ZA) emerged as the most effective, exhibiting a remarkably low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of just 16 µg/mL against various bacterial strains. This heightened activity is attributed to the controlled release of Ag ions and the high ion-exchange capacity of ZA, which allows for sustained antimicrobial action. These findings suggest that metal-exchanged zeolites, particularly those with high ion-retention capabilities, hold strong potential as long-lasting and efficient antimicrobial agents. Such materials could be valuable in medical, environmental, and industrial applications, especially where bacterial resistance is a growing concern.

Neuroprotection is well known for its strategies and interventions that help preserve the structure and function of neurons during a myriad of neurological challenges. It is fundamental in managing the complex relationship between neuroinflammation and obesity, both of which are significant factors affecting our neurological health. In the present review, we try to merge nanoparticles with artificial intelligence (AI) to tackle the neurological implications of both conditions. This review summarizes prior studies of free radical-scavenging nanoparticles: polymeric, liposomal, ceria-based, and quantum dots, and evaluates their reported efficacy in attenuating markers of neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction in preclinical models. We have also discussed AI applications, such as predictive modeling and real-time monitoring, stating that they present a complementary role in themselves. There is recognition that the promise of nanoparticles in mitigating neurological problems underscores the potential of AI in upgrading neuroprotection. Early-phase clinical trials of free radical-scavenging nanoparticles have highlighted the importance of patient stratification to optimize personalized treatment regimens. Furthermore, we advocate coordinated efforts in education, awareness, and research to integrate scientific findings, public policy, and technology innovation, thereby holistically addressing neuroinflammation and obesity at the individual level.

Cancer remains a major global health challenge, with radiotherapy (RT) being a cornerstone of treatment. However, the efficacy of RT is significantly hindered by hypoxic tumor microenvironments (TMEs) and nonselective toxicity to healthy tissues. Recent advancements in combining bacteria and nanoparticles have shown promise in addressing these limitations. Cyanobacteria, with their oxygen-producing capabilities, alleviate tumor hypoxia, while anaerobic bacteria selectively target hypoxic regions. Nanoparticles complement these approaches by enhancing bacterial localization and amplifying radiosensitization through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and other synergistic therapies. Unlike previous reviews that have mainly focused on either bacterial therapy or nanoparticle-assisted radiosensitization separately, this review provides a comparative and integrative perspective on their combined use, emphasizing the novelty of synergistic strategies. This review explores innovative bacterial-nanoparticle integrations, highlighting their roles in overcoming hypoxia and improving RT outcomes. The potential of these strategies to transform cancer treatment is discussed, alongside challenges and future directions.

Naringenin has shown great promise in the realm of cancer therapeutics, demonstrating excellent cytotoxic action toward cancer cells and the enhanced effects of radiation therapy . However, the medicinal value of naringenin is severely limited clinically by poor bioavailability. Thus, multiple drug-delivery strategies for overcoming this limitation have been developed, of which liposomes are considered the most suitable due to their amphiphilic, modifiable, and biocompatible characteristics. In this study, we investigated the role of naringenin and liposomal-delivered naringenin as adjuncts to radiotherapy in the MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell line .

Saliva has already proven to be a prospective diagnostic bioresource for both early disease detection and timely intervention due to its easy accessibility, noninvasiveness, and reproducibility. However, the in-depth identification of salivary proteins needs to be further improved. Until now, only 3427 proteins are included in the human salivary proteome (HSP), which is far from the millions of proteins that make up humans. Here, we set out to quantitatively map the HSP in rapid and in-depth Orbitrap Astral mass spectrometer (MS) and coronal nanomagnetic bead-based proteomics workflow. Our study reported 5937 salivary proteins, which was about 73% more than that recorded in HSP. Moreover, we compared the differences between the young and aged salivary proteins. The predominant functions of the upregulated proteins in the young were related to motor proteins and cardiomyopathy, whereas those of the aged were primarily upregulated with oxidation reaction, as well as neurodegenerative disorders. It is the first study to carry out salivary proteomics using a fast and deep Orbitrap Astral MS and remarkably enlarged the number of proteins with HSP, furthermore, salivary proteomics was found to be characterized in the young and aged. With the rapidly advancing MS and proteomics technologies, we believe that salivary protein biomarkers will be more promising for clinical diagnosis and prognosis of human diseases in the future.

Prostate cancer is the second most frequent type of cancer death in men. This study refers to the novel hyperthermia application of poloxamer-coated cobalt ferrite as a new approach for thermal eradication of DU-145 human prostate cancerous cells under a radio frequency magnetic field (RF-MF). The hydrothermal method was applied for the synthesis of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Then, the structure, size, and morphology of nanoparticle were characterized. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized nanoparticles and RF-MF exposure on DU-145 prostate cancer cells was investigated separately or in combination with colony formation methods and MTT [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide] assay. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the spherical morphology of nanoparticles with a size of 5.5 ± 2.6 nm. The temperature of cells treated with nanoparticles under RF-MF reached 42.73 ± 0.2°C after 15 min. RF-MF treatment or nanoparticles have not affected cell viability significantly. However, the combination of them eradicated 53% ± 4% of cancerous cells. In-vitro hyperthermia was performed on human prostate cancer cells (DU-145) with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles at specific concentrations that demonstrated a decrease in survival fraction based on colony formation assay compared to cells that were treated alone with nanoparticles or with RF-MF.

Worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) ranks as a second leading cause of death. The End TB strategy targets eliminating TB by 2030. Achieving this goal requires an early, accurate, and affordable diagnosis applicable in low- and middle-income countries; increasing the reach of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics is essential. Nanodiagnostics aims to enhance clinical diagnostic procedures with heightened sensitivity and accuracy by focusing on distinctive markers for early detection. A systematic search of research articles was conducted in four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect) independently by two researchers. Publications retrieved in the independent search were mixed and imported into a single EndNote X8. The extraction of characteristics from the selected studies were carried out step by step by two independent researcher groups Abayeneh Girma and Fentaye Kassawmar and Yeshiwas Kassa and Yeshwas Asrat using a standardized data extraction format in Microsoft Excel 2021. Finally, the extracted data were combined and clearly presented in the table with the key information and findings. Inconsistencies between reviewers were resolved by discussion, and articles were included after consensus was reached. Totally, 2740 articles were retrieved, and 69 TB nanoparticle (NP)-based assays have fulfilled the inclusion criteria and included in this systematic review. The proposed platforms share the characteristics of accuracy, affordability, and swift time-to-result. Nanodiagnostics for TB now cover all clinical presentations of the disease, including active, drug-resistant, HIV-related, latent, and extrapulmonary TB. These advancements not only enhance the diagnostic landscape but also facilitate timely and effective treatment strategies, ultimately aiming to reduce the burden of TB worldwide. This review summarizes state-of-the-art knowledge of TB nanodiagnostics for the last 18 years. For fabrication concepts, detection strategies, and clinical performance, special consideration is given using various clinical specimens, and the suitability of TB nanodiagnostics for optimal MTB testing is evaluated. TB nanodiagnostics present a promising solution for meeting the stringent demands to end the TB epidemic by 2030.

The desire to reduce reliance on oil resources arises from the concerns about carbon footprint and nonrenewability. Conversely, the global presence of over 100 million palm trees poses a significant challenge due to the substantial amount of biowaste generated annually. Additionally, the use of nanocellulose (NC) as a cost-effective material is steadily gaining recognition for its growing adaptability over time. The main goal of this study is to biosynthesized NC from Iraqi date palm leaves waste with low-concentration acid-alkali treatment. The date palm leaves waste yields 20 g of NC from 100 g of leaves before acid hydrolysis treatment. The chemical components of biosynthesized NC were 47.90%, 26.78%, and 24.67% for -cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, respectively. In order to study their properties, NC from raw date palm leaves was studied by microscopic techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscope (AFM). SEM results revealed rod-like structured NC as well as combined long-fine fibrous structures rather than compacted bundles with sizes ranging between 31 and 74 nm. With EDX, all spectra exhibit the peaks of carbon and oxygen as the main elements with 63.8% and 10.44%, respectively, in their compositions, which relate to the typical composition of cellulose. The 3D image of AFM NC with a tapping mode presented a highly uniform distribution of NC with a size of ∼15 nm. The statistical roughness analysis shows that the obtained roughness average is 7.20 nm with the root-mean-square roughness value of 21.56 nm, which corresponded relatively with the micrographs of SEM. The results of this study demonstrate the promise of using date palm waste as raw material to produce NC as green nanocomposite from biodegradable nanomaterials for water purification and sustained drug delivery for biomedical applications. In this regard and because of the insufficient reports about the extraction of NC from palm tree leaves waste, the objective of this study was designed to fabricate NC biologically from fibers sourced from the waste of Iraqi date palm leaves that left in agricultural lands or burned, which can be an ecological and health problem as a bionanocomposites in the medical and industrial field and as alternative resources of wood materials.

Achieving food security stands as a primary challenge confronting global societies today. This necessitates the development of effective strategies to increase crop productivity and enhance their specifications, aiming to meet the growing market demands sustainably and efficiently. This research was conducted over two agricultural seasons and emphasizes the ability of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to promote the growth and productivity of durum wheat (variety Sham 7) cultivated under the conservative conditions of Deir ez-Zor. The wheat seeds were soaked before planting with a colloidal suspension of AgNPs, prepared through an eco-friendly method utilizing an aqueous extract of leaves. The best plant morphological indicators (plant height, chlorophyl content, number of branches, and number of spikes) were observed when colloidal AgNPs were used as a soaking solution compared with silver nitrate (AgNO)and deionized (DI) water as a control. The highest productivity parameters (grain yield, straw yield, and 1000-grain weight) were obtained when seeds were soaked in 40 ppm of AgNPs. Furthermore, the results revealed an increase in the nutrient content of grain (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). This study offers valuable insights into the prospective use of AgNPs for significant improvement in wheat cultivation, increasing productivity, and improving crop quality. As a contribution to facing future challenges in the field of agriculture and ensuring sustainable food security.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease, and the activation and infiltration of phagocytes are critical steps of DN. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of exosomes in macrophages and diabetes nephropathy and the role of miRNA-34a, which might provide a new path for treating DN.

This study presents an environmentally friendly and nontoxic method for the selective separation and removal of trace amounts. A magnetic nanocomposite made of FeO/chitosan-acrylic acid was utilized to separate and remove Cu ions using its magnetic properties. Various characterization techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and VSM, were employed to investigate and identify the nanocomposite. Additionally, the research discusses adsorption isotherm models related to the adsorption of Cu ions. The maximum adsorption capacity of the biodegradable FeO/chitosan-acrylic acid nanocomposite for Cu ions was found to be 30.68 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the Freundlich isotherm model when using the FeO/chitosan-acrylic acid adsorbent. The method exhibited a linear range of 10-1000 µg/L for Cu ions, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.15 μg/L for the adsorption of Cu ions by the FeO/chitosan-acrylic acid adsorbent. These findings indicate that FeO/chitosan-acrylic is a high-performance adsorbent for removing Cu ions from tap, well, river, and spring water samples.