Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a prevalent condition with poorly understood aetiology. Studies indicate that children with ASD exhibit more gastrointestinal alterations, nutritional deficiencies due to selective eating, and distinct gut microbiota profiles compared to neurotypical peers.

Idiopathic short stature (ISS) is defined as height more than two standard deviations below the mean for age and sex, without an identifiable pathological cause. Pharmacologic options such as growth hormone (GH), testosterone, and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have been studied for their potential to promote height gain in affected children and adolescents.

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic disorder characterised by infantile hypotonia, early-onset obesity, intellectual disability, hypopigmentation, small hands and feet, short stature, hypogonadism, and distinctive facial features.

Breastfeeding has been shown to reduce risks for the development of obesity. While initiation of breastfeeding is almost universal in Samoa, there is an opportunity to improve the proportion of infants exclusively breastfed to 6 months (51.7%).

Accurate assessment of aerobic fitness is essential in youth soccer. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIR1) provides a practical estimate of maximal oxygen uptake (VO), but its agreement with laboratory values across maturity stages remains uncertain.

The accuracy of body composition assessments with bioelectrical impedance (BIA) based devices may be affected, besides the well-known factors (e.g. hydration status), by factors which are related to anthropometric characteristics.

Head orientation during photography can distort facial shape, but this is rarely considered in cross-population studies focusing on facial morphology and its perception.

Few studies have examined infant appetitive traits in minority populations or among mothers with obesity.

The multifunctional cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) and its single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may influence the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD).

Bio-banding has been used to moderate disparities in maturity status between youth players of the same chronological age to support development.

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how screen time may affect pubertal development.

Household water insecurity is an accelerating global challenge with serious negative impacts on human health. The impacts of water insecurity can vary among household members. Biocultural buffering theory can explain the differential allocation of scarce water within households and predicts asymmetric allocation of scarce pooled resources to protect the most vulnerable.

Relatively, little is known about bone parameter trajectories after attainment of peak bone mass (PBM).

The impact of environmental iodine and fluorine levels on thyroid function indicators in a healthy population is of crucial significance for developing scientifically sound prevention and control strategies to safeguard residents' health.

Deciduous teeth are closely associated with the development of the permanent teeth, drawing concern and emphasis in dental restoration and endodontics. The deciduous teeth arches and crowns can serve as a clinical diagnostic reference that contributes to the manufacture of dental restoration and dental therapy.

Mental toughness (MT) is a critical psychological construct in competitive sports, yet its relationship with physical fitness (PF) remains underexplored, particularly in adolescent athletes.

It is uncertain if age of menarche continues to decline. There has been no systematic meta-analysis of ages at menarche in Norway the past three decades.