To determine the independent association of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and periventricular white matter hyperintensities (PWMHs) with mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD-MCI) and evaluate the diagnostic value of CIMT combined with PWMHs for PD-MCI.

Patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) commonly exhibit abnormal p11 (S100A10) and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. This study was aimed to quantify peripheral p11, cortisol (COR), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels and further revealed the possible mechanisms of MDD and antidepressant response.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by extreme malnutrition, leading to multiple organ dysfunctions, including liver impairment. While AST and ALT are standard markers for liver dysfunction, recent reports suggest that elevated cobalamin (vitamin B12) levels are frequently observed in AN patients. However, the association between cobalamin levels and liver dysfunction remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the relationship between cobalamin levels, liver enzyme abnormalities, and body mass index (BMI) in AN patients.

Physical therapies are recommended for individuals who are insufficiently responsive to pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. But most physical therapy needs to be done in a hospital, so finding a physical therapy that can be done at home is very meaningful. This study intends to explore the efficacy and safety of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) as an add-on therapy for depression.

Melatonin is a vital hormone that is important for antioxidant activity, neuroprotection, and biological rhythm control. Melatonin anomalies may have a high correlation with the onset and development of Parkinson's disease, according to recent studies. A common neurodegenerative illness that severely lowers a patient's quality of life, Parkinson's disease is typified by non-motor symptoms and aberrant movement. A recent study found that abnormal melatonin levels may have a detrimental effect on patients' motor function and cognitive ability, potentially exacerbating Parkinson's disease symptoms. To completely comprehend the clinical symptoms linked to Parkinson's disease and potential therapy options, further study is necessary to determine the exact role of melatonin in this condition. This article will investigate the relationship between melatonin and Parkinson's disease, how it contributes to the illness's progression, and the clinical symptoms that are linked with it in order to provide new perspectives and resources for more research and treatment strategies.

Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is a common and debilitating consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), significantly affecting patients' quality of life. It presents in various forms, including tension-type headaches and migraines, and is influenced by multiple neurological and psychological factors. Due to variability in diagnostic criteria across studies, the term "post-traumatic headache" in this review refers to headaches reported after TBI, not necessarily meeting full clinical diagnostic criteria. This study aims to systematically assess the prevalence of PTH to provide comprehensive data for improved clinical management and future research.

Target trial emulation (TTE) has recently emerged as an innovative methodological framework for deriving causal inference from real-world data. Its use in complementary and integrative medicine, however, remains limited. This protocol applies TTE to evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture combined with rehabilitation in children with ASD, aiming to generate rigorous real-world evidence and bridge the current evidence gap.

This study assessed the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and examined their associated factors among internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Burao, Somaliland.

Late-life depression (LLD) is a common mental disorder that significantly accelerates cognitive decline, increases the risk of somatic comorbidities, and increases all-cause mortality. Traditional pharmacotherapy for this population faces significant limitations, including increased pharmacokinetic sensitivity, anticholinergic burden, and adverse events associated with multiple medications. These factors collectively lead to poor adherence and limited long-term efficacy. This narrative literature review was conducted using studies retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, with general search phrases on LLD and non-pharmacological interventions. The inclusion criteria were clinical trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews published between 2020 and 2025. Studies that were finally selected were comprehensively evaluated, with non-English literature and case reports excluded. Non-pharmacological interventions have become a core strategy for the management of LLD due to the advantages of high safety, fewer side effects, and a multi-target nature. Psychotherapy, physical intervention, digital technology, and lifestyle modification can effectively improve patients' depressive symptoms, improve quality of life, reduce the risk of relapse, and serve as possible alternatives and supplementary treatment options for older patients. There is a need for more in-depth research on non-pharmacological interventions for LLD. Future studies should explore the combined application of different non-pharmacological treatments to optimize treatment plans. Developing individualized non-pharmacological treatment plans to improve the accuracy of treatment and reduce the burden of disease should be considered.

This study aimed to examine whether loud music is causally associated with anxiety disorder.

To evaluate the efficacy of DL-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), a synthetic compound that has shown neuroprotective effects, on cognitive function, psychiatric-behavioral symptoms, and daily activities in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) severely impacts patients' quality of life and functional recovery, with its incidence rising alongside global population aging. Cognitive-walking dual-task training, which integrates cognitive and motor elements, has emerged as a key focus in rehabilitation research in recent years. This review summarizes its value and neural mechanisms in improving PSCI. By integrating randomized controlled trials and functional imaging studies, it assesses the training's effects on cognitive and motor functions and reveals the association between brain region activation and cognitive recovery. The training can enhance cognitive abilities such as attention and executive function, improve motor functions including gait and balance, and boost quality of life. It promotes neuroplasticity, strengthens activation and connectivity of key brain regions like the prefrontal cortex, and regulates Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. Technologies such as Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) and Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) confirm its role in brain function remodeling, and it outperforms traditional training and aerobic exercise alone in enhancing dual-task performance. This training provides a basis for PSCI rehabilitation. Future research should optimize individualized protocols, verify long-term efficacy, and advance the application of multimodal imaging and intelligent platforms to refine rehabilitation strategies.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs) represent chronic cerebral dysfunctions arising from gene-environment interactions, encompassing conditions such Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD). Emerging evidence identifies Maternal immune activation (MIA) as a critical environmental risk factor for NDDs. Gestational infections, inflammatory responses, or immune dysregulation elevate maternal-fetal inflammatory mediators, which disrupt neurodevelopmental trajectories via placental-fetal signaling cascades. Preclinical models (rodents, non-human primates) demonstrate that MIA induces characteristic NDD phenotypes-including social deficits and cognitive impairments-through microglial hyperactivation, aberrant synaptic pruning, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Concurrently, gut microbiota dysbiosis and Th17/Treg immune imbalance exacerbate neuroinflammatory processes. Novel therapeutic strategies targeting inflammatory pathways microglial modulation, or microbial homeostasis restoration show translational promise. Future investigations must unravel MIA's molecular underpinnings and multifactorial interactions to enable early-risk stratification and precision interventions for NDDs.

Subclinical depression and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) /benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are both common diseases. Studies have shown that there is an association between them, and sleep disturbances may play an important role in this relationship, however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This study aims to explore the potential association between subclinical depression and LUTS/BPH, and to investigate the role of sleep quality in this relationship.

Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) affects up to 30% of individuals with schizophrenia who fail to respond to standard antipsychotics. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on clozapine's clinical effectiveness, economic impact, and quality-of-life benefits. A nonsystematic literature review of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was performed using relevant clinical and health-economic keywords. Findings consistently demonstrate that clozapine provides superior symptom reduction, reduces rehospitalization and mortality, and improves functional recovery and patient-reported outcomes. Evidence from real-world studies and meta-analyses shows marked reductions in rehospitalization rates, mortality, and caregiver burden compared with other antipsychotics. Economic analyses confirm that, although clozapine requires ongoing hematologic monitoring, its long-term savings from reduced inpatient care, emergency visits, and indirect productivity losses outweigh these costs, establishing its cost-effectiveness across diverse health-system settings. Despite its proven benefits, clozapine remains underused due to safety concerns, mandatory monitoring, limited prescriber confidence, and infrastructural barriers. Optimizing its use requires early identification of TRS, timely initiation of therapy, individualized monitoring strategies, and close interprofessional collaboration among psychiatrists, pharmacists, and healthcare teams. At the policy level, investment in laboratory infrastructure, subsidized monitoring programs, and the development of locally adapted treatment guidelines are critical to expanding safe, equitable, and sustainable access to clozapine worldwide.

Genetic disorders have psychological impacts on patients. We examined the status of anxiety and depression among thalassemia carriers after genetic counseling in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China.

Compelling evidence has confirmed that gut microbiota dysbiosis is involved in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Microbial-based therapies, including probiotics, may provide novel options for ASD management. This study aimed to investigate the alleviative effect of a probiotic strain, () DM8504, on autistic-like behaviors in rats exposed to valproic acid (VPA).

Dysphagia is a non-motor symptom in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Non-invasive nerve stimulation therapy is used to treat dysphagia; it has the advantages of being non-invasive, painless, safe, and easily accepted by patients.

Epilepsy affects millions worldwide, presenting unique challenges in specific populations such as the elderly, children, and patients with comorbidities or drug-resistant forms. Tailored approaches addressing unmet needs in these subgroups are critical to improving outcomes.

Interoception is the ability of a person to perceive, integrate, interpret and regulate signals from within the body. The progression of the disease in schizophrenic patients affects their interoceptive function, producing large differences regarding interoceptive accuracy and sensibility when compared with the healthy controls. However, empirical work has produced mixed results. The study used Rev Man 5.4 software to analyse the accuracy and sensitivity of interoception in schizophrenia and healthy controls. Six studies were included in this study with 190 patients and 399 healthy controls. A systematic literature search was conducted based on The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. It was pre-registered under CRD420251028401. Meta-analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference between schizophrenic patients and healthy controls in terms of interoceptive accuracy and sensitivity (interoceptive accuracy: =78%, SMD=-0.54, 95% CI:-1.03, -0.05; and interoceptive sensitivity: =75%, SMD=0.19,95% CI:-0.00,0.39). The results found a statistically significant difference in the lower accuracy and sensibility of interoception in patients with schizophrenia compared to normal subjects.

To investigate the effects of homocysteine (Hcy) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on neurological function in patients with ischemic stroke (IS) on admission.

Conversion Disorder (CD) is a complex neuropsychiatric condition in which stress-related biological changes are thought to play a role. The present study sought to assess oxidative imbalance and inflammation in patients with conversion disorder by examining thiol/disulfide homeostasis and CRP levels as potential biomarkers.

Reducing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)'s cognitive burden without compromising efficacy is critical. Although magnetic seizure therapy (MST) shows comparable symptom remission in schizophrenia, its neuroanatomical safety-particularly limbic preservation-lacks controlled trial validation.

This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Morinda officinalis oligosaccharides (MOO) combined with probiotics compared to placebo in individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) who also presented with gastrointestinal symptoms, a common comorbidity in this population.

Deficits in the adaptive allocation of attention are considered a feature associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It remains unclear whether the attention of children with ASD can be modulated involuntarily by stimulus-driven processes. Visual processing is believed to initiate with topological perception; thus, we investigate the modulation of attention shifts in children with ASD by altering topological properties. This approach aims to elucidate the mechanism underlying atypical attentional capture in ASD.

Currently, no therapeutic antidepressants are approved for pediatric patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) in Japan. In addition, few longitudinal studies have been conducted in Japan on antidepressant prescriptions for children and adolescents with MDD. The purpose of this study is to clarify the actual pharmacotherapy for child and adolescent patients with MDD during fiscal year (FY) 2010-FY2017.

Acupuncture has been shown to improve symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), but its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to explore the behavioral effects of Yu-Mu-Tiao-Shen Acupuncture on ASD model rats and investigate the potential molecular mechanisms based on SFRP5, β-catenin, and GSK-3β.

In traditional Chinese medicine, is a prominent herb, acclaimed for its therapeutic roles, including anti-tumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory benefits. Studies conducted recently suggest it may help reduce cognitive deficits linked to Alzheimer's disease. However, the precise neuroprotective pathways through which exerts its effects on Alzheimer's disease are not yet fully understood. Network pharmacology is utilized in this research to understand the mechanisms through which 's active ingredient might protect against Alzheimer's disease.