The semiology of clinical phenomena is central to neurological reasoning. When clinical manifestations occur in combination (e.g., weakness plus sensory loss), they are traditionally analyzed by considering anatomical localization (e.g., right-sided weakness and aphasia implicate the left cerebral cortex) and disease pattern recognition (e.g., tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity indicate parkinsonism). The authors introduce a third, complementary approach-phenoconsonance-that relates neurological phenomena to each other not by their anatomical localization or disease pattern recognition but by their shared phenomenology. The authors identify the main components of the description of neurological phenomena in relation to where, what, and how neurological function is affected: examples for "where" include left-arm deficits in left brachial plexopathy or left hemispace neglect in right parietal lesions; examples for "what" include motor strength, visuospatial reasoning, or abstract planning; and examples for "how" include slowness, incoordination, or difficulty with initiation, because either the same function can be disrupted in qualitatively different ways-movement can be slowed or uncoordinated-or the same qualitative abnormality can apply to different functions-slowing may characterize movement, and it may also characterize thinking. The where, what, and how of neurological phenomenology correspond in the authors' synthesis to spatial phenoconsonance, domain phenoconsonance, and qualitative phenoconsonance, respectively. The historical context and conceptual underpinning of the notion of phenoconsonance are reviewed, as is its usefulness for the study of brain-behavior relationships in the evaluation and treatment of individuals with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.

A significant percentage of individuals diagnosed as having posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) show remission within the first year after traumatic exposure, with more gradual improvement over the next several years. However, a subgroup of individuals with PTSD have an unremitting course of illness that may persist for years or decades despite treatment efforts. The authors tested the hypothesis that reduced hippocampal volume is associated with chronic, unremitting PTSD rather than with PTSD that has remitted over time.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often involves injury to limbic structures that may be linked to posttraumatic psychological health difficulties. The authors investigated whether the relationship of amygdala and hippocampal volumes with anxiety differed among children with TBI versus children without a history of TBI over time since injury.

In this exploratory study, the authors used subjective participant data to investigate sleep disturbance in functional neurological disorder (FND) and its impact on FND symptoms.

Functional neurological disorder (FND) is an often-disabling condition with a complex path to diagnosis, further challenged by limited availability of evidence-based treatment resources. Providers hoping to offer treatment resources face the challenge of identifying effective and sustainable implementation of interventions. The existing literature provides limited guidance on the logistics of creating specialized programs for FND outside of tertiary care centers or high-resource medical settings. Members of a multidisciplinary treatment team may find it challenging to identify program development resources that provide a unified perspective on each member's role and how they function together. The authors' FND program at the Stanford University School of Medicine has recently fielded a high number of requests by clinicians, health care staff, and administrators across the United States for collaboration to start new programs. Frequently asked questions include the criteria for patient selection, what personnel to include, how to ensure prompt staff responses to FND symptoms, when to hospitalize patients, how to obtain funding for services, and more. The intended audience for this review includes seasoned and new clinicians, allied health professionals, and nonclinicians, including administrators. The authors discuss diagnosis and evidence-based treatment strategies and provide guidance on practical issues, including work, disability, and driving. The authors' program experience is highlighted as an example, and alternative working models are discussed. The aim of this article is to improve providers' knowledge and confidence and remove frequently encountered barriers to program development. The authors seek to provide a resource that may help connect those in need of care to FND services.

Functional cognitive disorder (FCD) is a subtype of functional neurological disorder (FND). FCD may include various cognitive symptoms, precipitants, and comorbid conditions (such as other FNDs, concussion, fatigue, or fibromyalgia). However, no widely available behavioral health interventions exist for FCD. The authors developed a therapist-guided and patient-led treatment for veterans and civilians with FCD.

Skills-based psychotherapy is an evidence-based treatment for functional neurological disorder (FND). However, evidence supporting its real-world efficacy is limited, and no consensus exists on optimal treatment duration. The authors examined how baseline neuropsychiatric characteristics are related to outcomes among patients with FND who were receiving psychotherapy.

The authors evaluated serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) as a blood-based biomarker to distinguish primary psychiatric disorders from psychiatric presentations of neurological or general medical etiology (i.e., neuropsychiatric disorders) in psychiatric emergency departments (PEDs), where rapid diagnosis is essential and access to advanced tests is often limited.

Isolated ischemic stroke of the lingual gyrus is uncommon. The authors evaluated the clinical, neuro-ophthalmological, and cognitive features of lingual gyrus infarctions.

Given limited access and long wait times for individualized behavioral health care focused on functional neurological disorder (FND), FND-specific group psychotherapy formats may offer patients early access to tools that could help alleviate symptoms. In this pilot study, the authors investigated the utility of using a well-known, evidence-based, and FND-focused self-help cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) workbook in a therapist-led skills group format for patients with primary functional movement disorder (FMD).

The authors sought to determine the relationships among cognitive impairment, psychiatric outcome, and functional status 3 months after a hemorrhagic stroke.

Although high-frequency brain stimulation has demonstrated efficacy in various translational models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), there is a scarcity of studies investigating deep brain stimulation (DBS) in human PTSD populations. The authors sought to investigate the current state of DBS in the setting of treatment-resistant PTSD.

The authors aimed to evaluate the relationships of minor physical anomalies (MPAs) of the head and limb with delirium among geriatric inpatients, in order to determine the potential of MPAs as markers of delirium's underlying neuropathogenesis.

The authors examined differences in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in the brain between nontreatment-seeking adults with alcohol use disorder (case group) and recreational drinkers without alcohol use disorder (control group) and explored behavioral and psychological mechanisms underlying these differences.

One of the most frequent neuropsychiatric complications after a stroke is poststroke depression (PSD). However, it is unclear whether disparities exist in PSD diagnosis. The authors examined a 10-year trend in PSD by socioeconomic and clinical characteristics.

Bile acids may contribute to pathophysiological markers of neuropsychiatric disorders, including disruptions of the executive control network (ECN) and the default mode network (DMN). Cognitive dysfunction is common in major depressive disorder; the authors examined whether bile acids affect these networks among patients with depression.

Although psychological issues are not diagnostic criteria for functional neurological disorder (FND), they often occur among individuals with FND, especially among those with functional seizures. However, corresponding findings for individuals with functional motor disorder (FMD) are inconclusive.

Current models of functional neurological disorder (FND) suggest a multifactorial origin of the disorder. Recent studies have identified biological vulnerability factors for FND, such as reduced amygdalar and hippocampal volumes or altered stress responses, highlighting the need to investigate the potential roles of genetic factors in this disorder.

COVID-19 outcomes are often worse among patients with preexisting conditions. The authors assessed the impact of preexisting psychotic and bipolar disorders (PsBPs) on COVID-19 outcomes.

The authors explored classes of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), examined the relationship between NPS classes on rate of functional decline over time, and determined whether effects of individual symptoms on functional decline remained after controlling for NPS classes.

Positive signs are clinical signs that are not explained by a structural neurological lesion and are considered the hallmark of functional neurological disorder (FND). In the literature and in clinical experience, positive signs are observed among patients without FND. The aim of the study was to examine the significance of positive signs among headache patients.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative illness affecting nearly 7 million people in the United States. Until 2023, no disease-targeting pharmacotherapeutics were widely available outside of research studies. With relatively recent regulatory approval and increasing availability of antiamyloid therapies (AATs) in the United States, management of AD is rapidly shifting from symptomatic and supportive care alone to treatments aimed at disease modification. Appropriate selection of patients for AATs can be challenging and varies among health care settings and systems despite published appropriate-use recommendations. The first of this two-part Treatment in Behavioral Neurology & Neuropsychiatry series from the American Neuropsychiatric Association Dementia Special Interest Group addresses the challenges with patient selection. In this second part, the authors offer dementia-focused health care vignettes to illustrate challenges with AAT delivery encountered in different settings and discuss emerging logistical issues associated with delivery of dementia-focused care based on AAT protocols.