To examine the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of patients with Down syndrome (DS) presenting with primary epiphora.

To identify key factors associated with attaining leadership positions among US academic pediatric ophthalmologists, with a focus on gender, fellowship training, years of practice, research productivity, and variables related to their academic institutions.

Current screening criteria for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) follow the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines. However, the Postnatal Growth and Retinopathy (G-ROP) study has proposed newer criteria, showing 100% sensitivity for detecting type 1 ROP while reducing the number of infants requiring dilated retinal examinations by 30%. The purpose of this study was to validate the G-ROP criteria in a midsized Midwestern children's hospital.

To compare the surgical outcomes of one-stage and two-stage correction of blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) in children <3 years of age.

Parental health literacy significantly affects pediatric ophthalmology follow-up care and adherence to treatment regimens. Yet patient education materials (PEMs) often exceed the American Medical Association's recommended 6th-grade reading level. Large-language models (LLMs) can improve the readability of PEMs without sacrificing quality. This study evaluated the baseline readability, quality, and accuracy of PEMs by the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) and assessed how LLMs may improve these PEMs.

We report 3 siblings born to consanguineous parents who presented with visual loss secondary to bilateral optic atrophy, along with consistent systemic features, such as dysmorphic facies, sensorineural hearing loss, skeletal anomalies, and global developmental delay. Imaging revealed severe optic canal narrowing with associated nerve compression. Genetic analysis in the eldest sibling identified likely pathogenic heterozygous variants in both COL2A1 and COL11A2 genes, indicating a dual collagenopathy phenotype. This case series underscores the importance of considering blended genetic diagnoses in complex phenotypes and highlights the role of optic canal stenosis as a significant cause of vision loss in collagen-related skeletal dysplasias.

To identify the incidence of and risk factors for development of spontaneous consecutive exotropia during management of fully accommodative esotropia with optical correction.

To assess the performance of a RetCam-trained artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm for the autonomous detection of severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) using retinal images acquired with the smaller field-of-view Phoenix ICON retinal camera.

To identify predictive factors for persistent avascular retina (PAR) following primary intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) monotherapy in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

To compare the incidence, timing, and visual outcomes of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) following pediatric cataract surgery comprising either posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis without anterior vitrectomy (PCCC-) or pars plana posterior capsulectomy with anterior vitrectomy (PPPC+).

Surgical and nonsurgical treatments of childhood intermittent exotropia (IXT) often have unsatisfactory results due to poor sensory status. Dichoptic 3D movies may offer a novel treatment designed to reduce suppression, encourage fusion, and engage stereoacuity. Our aim was to assess whether 3D movies are superior to 2D sham movies treatment in treating children with IXT.

To determine the frequency of amblyopia in preschoolers and school-age children with alternating esotropia.

Virtual reality-based field (VRF) perimetry presents an alternative to standard automated perimetry, offering both game-based and Humphrey-equivalent algorithms. Comparative performance of these two algorithms is not well-documented. We evaluated the performance of children with healthy eyes and those with known or suspected glaucoma using both VRF algorithms.

In our practice, we have observed that many children with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) seem to have short stature. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between PCG and short stature in children.

Optic pathway gliomas (OPGs) are among the most frequent central nervous system tumors in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), yet their prevalence has not been systematically synthesized. Pooled prevalence estimates are important to inform clinical surveillance practices, particularly given the critical role of early symptom detection in preserving vision and the debate regarding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) surveillance in asymptomatic patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of OPG in children (<18 years) with NF1 based on pooled data in the literature and describe its variability.

We present a novel finding of multiple, bilateral prominent choroidal macrovessels with pulsations visible on funduscopic examination and confirmed by optical coherence tomography in a 9-day-old infant with trisomy 18.

We report the case of a 6-year-old boy with stable bilateral simple myopia who underwent strabismus surgery of the left eye for intermittent exotropia. One month following surgery, myopia had progressed to 2.5 D in the operated eye, increasing to 4.5 D by 1 year. Myopic progression was stabilized following treatment with low-dose atropine. The refractive error in the unoperated right eye showed mild increase. The mechanisms that may have precipitated postoperative progressive myopia in this case are discussed.

We report 4 patients with Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS), all exhibiting midline brain abnormalities and all showing either optic nerve hypoplasia or dysplasia. Each of the patients has a unique pathogenic variant in CSS-related genes, including SMARCA4, SMARCB1, SMARCE1, and ARID2, all of which encode components of the BRG1/BRM-associated factor chromatin remodeling complex. The diversity of mutations highlights the molecular heterogeneity of CSS and its potential link to shared developmental pathways affecting the optic nerve.

This study compares oral ultrawide-field fluorescein angiography (UWF-FA) to fundus photography in the detection of sickle cell retinopathy (SCR) and discusses the impact of genotype on SCR development. Thirty-two patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), 7-21 years of age, who underwent SCR screening with both imaging modalities were included. Four retina specialists masked to clinical information assessed SCR severity using the Goldberg classification system; their findings were compared to grades by an unmasked pediatric vitreoretinal specialist. In evaluating the UWF-FA images, the masked graders identified SCR in all 16 cases, as did the unmasked grader, but using fundus photographs they indicated the presence of SCR in only 75% of the same cases. SCR was more prevalent among HbSC (83%) and Hb-beta thalassemia trait (100%) patients compared with HbSS (38%).

KidsVisionCheck (KVC), a free photoscreening mobile application for iOS and Android released in 2022, aims to detect amblyopia risk factors (ARFs) in children. We evaluated its performance in a convenience sample of 120 pediatric ophthalmology clinic patients 12 months to 12 years of age. Patients were screened without optical correction using the application on an iPhone 14 Pro Max running iOS. Screening was followed by a dilated fundus examination with cycloplegic refraction. The 2021 AAPOS Vision Screening guidelines were used to assess for ARFs and visually significant refractive errors. The sensitivity of the application was 69.7%; the specificity, 58.7%. The positive predictive value in this patient population enriched for ophthalmic pathology was 52.4%, and the negative predictive value was 75.7%. KidsVisionCheck performed worse on these metrics than FDA-approved commercial instrument-based vision screeners.