NATULAR®SC, mosquito larvicide, was laboratory and field-tested against Aedes albopictus to determine the application rate in metric units (µl/liter). The objective was to estimate in microliters (µl) the amount of formulated NATULAR SC to apply per liter of habitat water. Replicated dose response experiments were conducted on lab-reared third instar Ae. albopictus under controlled laboratory conditions followed by probit analysis. The median lethal dose, LD50, was estimated to be 0.07 µl/liter (95% C.L. 0.054,0.094). Control mortality was less than 1%. The LD95 was estimated to be 0.54 µl/liter (95% C.L. 0.323,1.265). According to the World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) doubling the LD95 approximates the diagnostic dose and is an estimate of the field application rate. The next step consisted of outdoor field trials in 5-liter buckets. Twelve application rates ranging from 0.1 µl/liter to 2.0 µl/liter were tested. Results indicated 1 µl/liter was an optimum application rate. A major conclusion is no single best application rate will kill 100% of susceptible mosquito larvae. An optimal field rate balances efficacy with minimizing the concentration of pesticide. In every treatment a small probability of larval survival is always present. This is a compelling argument for rotating active ingredients according to their mode of action.

We present an updated checklist of mosquito species in New York State, integrating historical records, modern surveillance, and recent literature. A total of 68 species across 10 genera are documented, including invasive taxa (Aedes albopictus, Ae. japonicus) and historically rare species (Orthopodomyia alba, Or. signifera). This synthesis emphasizes species of public and veterinary significance, such as Culex pipiens and Culiseta melanura, vectors of West Nile and eastern equine encephalitis viruses. Analysis of more than 3 million specimens collected since 1999 confirms the absence of Ae. aegypti, historically introduced but unable to persist in New York. Urbanization, container-breeding ecology, climate change, and global commerce continue to shape mosquito distributions and pathogen risk. This checklist bridges historic and current data, providing a reliable reference for surveillance, vector control, and future research.

Dengue virus (DENV) poses an escalating public health threat in both endemic and non-endemic regions, driven by globalization, urbanization, and climate change. Early detection of dengue outbreaks remains a critical component in mitigating the impact of this rapidly spreading arboviral disease. Traditional surveillance approaches rely primarily on clinical case reports, which often lag behind the actual onset of transmission. Because of the lag, intensive vector control response would be delayed and become ineffective to contain the transmission promptly. This calls for the need for mosquito-based DENV surveillance even in low transmission or epidemic-prone settings. This review explores the growing body of evidence supporting mosquito-based DENV detection as a proactive surveillance method, particularly in areas with low transmission or at risk of outbreak due to travel-associated cases. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using several academic and public health databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ProQuest. Seventeen studies showed presence of DENV in Aedes mosquitoes in the absence of reported human cases. In the United States, four studies reported DENV positive Ae. aegypti in places where there were no reported human cases. Among various mosquito surveillance tools, BG-Sentinel traps have been indicated to be effective in capturing host-seeking invasive Aedes mosquitoes. Increasing evidence indicates that detecting DENV in field-caught mosquitoes can serve as an early warning signal-preceding reported human dengue cases by several weeks. This entomological approach provides direct insights into the virus's presence in mosquito populations before human infections are formally diagnosed. The review recommends integrating mosquito-based DENV detection into local, state and national arbovirus surveillance systems, especially in non-endemic regions vulnerable to autochthonous transmission. This approach can enhance the timeliness and precision of outbreak responses.

This paper highlights findings from a targeted survey of aerial pesticide applicators who specialize in mosquito control space sprays. The questionnaire captured location and site details, aircraft types, and use scenarios, as well as spray system configurations, operational protocols, and pesticide use. By identifying common application settings across different platforms, the survey offers a vital benchmark for ensuring that current and future gathering of empirical data for AGriculturalDISPersal™ (AGDISP) refinement aligns with real-world conditions. These data are discussed in relation to the current mechanistic model AGDISP and relevance to the design of the field trials already underway at Lee County Mosquito Control District, Florida.

The control of Aedes aegypti, a primary vector of the causal agent of yellow fever, dengue, Zika, and other viral diseases, is a growing concern in global public health. With growing resistance to insecticides and other conventional methods, alternative and novel approaches, such as attractant toxic sugar baits (ATSB) or toxic sugar baits (TSB), are emerging as a viable solution in integrated mosquito management. This study evaluates the efficacy of 3 essential oils (cinnamon oil, cedarwood oil, and garlic oil) as active ingredients in TSB formulations, measuring their effects on the feeding rate and mortality of adult Ae. aegypti. The results suggest that cinnamon oil reduced mosquito feeding rates, compared with cedarwood oil and garlic oil. Cedar wood oil, combined with boric acid as TSB, resulted in high mortality and showed potential as an effective agent in integrated mosquito management programs.

An in vitro repellent testing system for use with colony reared black flies, Simulium vittatum, is described. Postoviposition female S. vittatum were exposed to latex membranes treated with 15 μl of commercially available insect repellents every 2 h, up to 12 h. Repellents tested were the following: Repel® Plant-Based Lemon Eucalyptus Insect Repellent 2 (30% oil of lemon eucalyptus [OLE]); OFF!® Botanicals Insect Repellent IV (10% p-menthane-3,8-diol [PMD]); and Zevo™ On-Body (20% 3-[N-butyl-N-acetyl]-aminopropionic acid, ethyl ester, IR3535®). Untreated membranes served as control. The PMD and IR3535 had negative correlations between repellency rate and time (IR3535, m (slopes of mean repellencies over time) = -6.64; and PMD, m = -5.28), whereas OLE had none (m = 0). Statistical analysis demonstrated significance within all groups that included OLE or the control (P < 0.00), but none for groups consisting of PMD or IR3535 (P = 0.31).

Assessing and advancing cutting-edge technologies that are designed to optimize mosquito surveillance strategies is crucial given the complex challenges presented by our rapidly changing environments. Vectech's Identification-X (IDX) machine offers an innovative way to identify and count adult mosquitoes and train artificial intelligence (AI) software. In collaboration with Vectech, staff at Placer Mosquito and Vector Control District (District) have identified and imaged ∼5,100 adult mosquitoes since 2021. Using the most recent software update (v5.0.4), we aimed to evaluate accuracy improvements by incorporating a diverse range of mosquito genera and species. To achieve this, 100 female specimens of 10 wild-caught mosquito species were imaged. The species included Anopheles freeborni, An. franciscanus, Culex tarsalis, Cx. pipiens, Cx. stigmatosoma, Cx. erythrothorax, Aedes vexans, Ae. melanimon, Ae. aegypti, and Ae. sierrensis. Of the 10 species analyzed, 6 had an identification accuracy of 96-100%. Given the software's current accuracy for Cx. tarsalis, follow-up examinations were conducted to determine at what point consistent specimen degradation impacted the ability of the IDX to correctly identify mosquito samples of this species. Finally, we compared the identification accuracy and speed of individual vector control technicians (VCTs) with the imaging accuracy and speed of the IDX machine to determine operational efficiency of this device within a mosquito surveillance program. Results indicated that the IDX machine is as accurate and efficient as a vector control technician with 22 months of experience but is prone to misidentification of morphologically similar mosquito species when specimens are degraded.

Oxitec's "just-add-water" release boxes offer an environmentally friendly method to suppress Aedes aegypti, the mosquito species responsible for recent dengue outbreaks in the Florida Keys. Each box rears and releases genetically engineered males that carry a gene preventing female survival. This study tested the compatibility of Oxitec boxes with wide-area larvicide applications of VectoBac® WDG larvicide. Mortality in wild-type larvae was 68.2% in open boxes, 1.7% in vented boxes, and 0.5% in tape-sealed boxes, indicating the box vents effectively shield developing mosquitoes, supporting integration with existing mosquito control strategies.

Controlling Aedes aegypti populations through traditional methods is increasingly difficult due to the development of insecticide resistance and their use of cryptic breeding habitats. The sterile insect technique has emerged as an effective tool for integrated vector management. Still, its success depends on the ability to mass-rear large numbers of high-quality mosquitoes. Choosing an appropriate larval diet is crucial for scalable mass-rearing, as it directly influences mosquito development, survival, and overall production efficiency. This study compared the effects of 3 larval diets: 1) TetraMin® Tropical Flakes, 2) Ziegler® Tropical Pro-Start45 Meal, and 3) bovine liver powder delivered in cellulose capsules, on the growth and performance of male Ae. aegypti under simulated mass-rearing conditions. Ziegler-reared mosquitoes had significantly larger pupal and adult sizes than those reared on Tetramin or liver powder. The Tetramin diet produced smaller adults, but with longevity comparable to that of the Ziegler diet, whereas the liver powder diet resulted in mosquitoes of similar size to those of the Tetramin diet, but with reduced longevity. While all 3 diets demonstrated viability for mass-rearing, their suitability depends on program-specific goals and constraints. The liver powder diet offered a good balance of biological performance and operational efficiency, but at a substantially higher economic cost. With further optimization of feeding regimens, the Ziegler diet shows the most significant potential to deliver high biological quality at the lowest price, making it a strong candidate for scalable mass-rearing programs.

Mosquito-borne pathogens are a threat to US troops stationed in the Republic of Korea. From April 2023 until December 2024, larvae and pupae of Aedes albopictus, Ae. koreicus, and Culex pipiens collected from U.S. Army garrisons were screened for resistance to chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, etofenprox and permethrin using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bottle bioassay. Colonies of Cx. pipens var. molestus from Camp Humphreys, Camp George, and the Busan Storage Facility were established and tested against permethrin and permethrin + piperonyl butoxide (PBO). No resistance to deltamethrin or chlorpyrifos was detected in Ae. albopictus populations, but 1 population from Camp George showed possible resistance to permethrin. Aedes koreicus indicated possible resistance to etofenprox from Camp Casey in 2023 and resistance to etofenprox from Camp Casey in 2024. All populations of Ae. koreicus tested were susceptible to chlorpyifos, permethrin, and deltamethrin. Culex pipiens field-collected populations were susceptible to chlorpyrifos and resistant to permethrin, etofenprox, and deltamethrin. Exposing laboratory Cx. pipiens var. molestus to PBO and then permethrin restored susceptibility to all 3 colonies. Screening will be ongoing to track changes in resistance status for these species.

The recent geographic expansion of Aedes aegypti poses a significant global public health challenge. In California, these invasive mosquitoes are now present in over 300 cities across 25 central and southern counties. The In2Care® Mosquito Station, which uses biological control agents to target Aedes mosquitoes, has shown promise when integrated into existing integrated vector management strategies. This study evaluated the impact of pre-season deployment of In2Care stations on Ae. aegypti populations. Two cohorts were established: 1 with 17 sites deploying stations pre-season (April-November), and another with 15 sites deploying during peak season (July-November), maintained during 2022-2024. Monthly BG-2 Sentinel trap data showed a significant reduction in Ae. aegypti abundance at pre-season In2Care sites: from 31.2 mosquitoes/trap-night in 2022 to 20.1 in 2023 and 13.2 in 2024, with a year-to-year reduction of 34-36%. Peak-season In2Care sites showed a 24-36% reduction in mosquito abundance four weeks post-deployment. Pre-season In2Care sites maintained 22-34% lower mosquito abundance than peak-season sites. These results demonstrate that early deployment of In2Care stations prior to the mosquito season significantly reduces Ae. aegypti populations and reinforces the existing integrated vector management programs.

Each year, the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) annual meeting features a program designed to highlight the various research, collaborations, and innovations that impact our programs throughout the USA. The AMCA meeting in San Juan, Puerto Rico, from March 3 to 7, 2025, gave our members and local professionals a new perspective on the battle against mosquito-borne diseases. In recent years, there have been local outbreaks of dengue fever, Zika virus, and chikungunya virus in this US territory. The mosquito control professionals and local citizens welcome, support, and collaborate and may also benefit from the national and international meeting. We thank the program committee, local arrangement committee, and AMCA Board for their collaboration in making the meeting attractive, which resulted in more than 970 registrations worldwide. The European Mosquito Control Association showcased European expertise in mosquito control at this event, strengthening ties with AMCA. With the rapid development of technology, including artificial intelligence, robotic techniques, and tools, mosquito control professionals will face new challenges and opportunities for exploration. I want to take this opportunity to promote and encourage members to adopt best management practices for the effective use of technology in the surveillance and control of mosquitoes and other disease vectors.

Insecticide-based mosquito control poses risks of environmental harm and resistance development. As a safer alternative, β-caryophyllene, a nontoxic compound derived from plants, was evaluated as a safer alternative for its excito-repellency against four Anopheles mosquito species. Using an excito-repellency assay, An. minimus showed the highest escape rates (100%) at 2.5% (contact) and 5% (noncontact) concentrations. An. harrisoni also exhibited strong responses at 7.5%, with 94.34% (contact) and 72.73% (noncontact) escape. In contrast, An. epiroticus showed minimal response (12-25.42%). Significant differences between contact and noncontact trials were noted only in An. minimus and An. harrisoni. No knockdown or mortality occurred. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed faster escape in contact conditions, especially for An. minimus. Log-rank tests confirmed dose-dependent repellency effects. These findings suggest β-caryophyllene has promising potential as a natural spatial repellent against malaria vectors.

La Crosse virus (LACV) is responsible for the majority of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the United States. At present there are limited options for host-seeking surveillance for the primary vector (Aedes triseriatus) and, to a lesser extent, two invasive species (Ae. albopictus and Ae. japonicus) capable of transmitting LACV. We evaluated four host-seeking trap configurations (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] Light trap, BG-Pro with BG lure, and BG-Sentinel 2 with and without BG lure) via two 4 × 4 Latin square field studies. Over the course of 128 trap-days, 436 mosquitoes were collected with the two most common species being Aedes triseriatus (n = 156, 35.8% of total) and Ae. albopictus (n = 182, 41.7% of total). The BG-Pro, on average, collected approximately 3 times more female Ae. triseriatus than the CDC light trap or the BG-Sentinel with BG lure. Similarly, the odds of collecting Ae. triseriatus with the BG-Pro trap were 3.02 times (95% CI: 1.96-4.67) than the CDC light trap; statistically greater than any other trap. There was no statistical difference in the odds of collecting Ae. triseriatus by the BG-Sentinel 2 (irrespective of lure presence) when compared to the CDC light trap as the reference. There was no difference in the odds of collecting Ae. albopictus using the BG-Sentinel 2 (OR: 4.62, 95% CI: 2.76-7.74) or the BG-Pro (3.06, 95% CI: 1.78-5.24) when compared to the CDC light trap as the reference. The limited collection of Ae. japonicus precluded any meaningful comparisons. Taken together, the BG-Pro trap should be considered for the surveillance or collection of the primary LACV vector, Ae. triseriatus.

Aedes taeniorhynchus, the black salt marsh mosquito, is a significant nuisance in Florida, frequently emerging from mangrove swamps in Collier County. Keewaydin Island, part of the Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, contains both private parcels and publicly managed conservation land. As aerial adulticide treatments are not feasible, this study evaluated bifenthrin barrier treatments on private properties. Although leaf bioassays showed high mosquito mortality, no significant reduction in adult populations was observed.

Mosquitoes play a significant role in transmitting several major pathogens, with Haemagogus and Aedes species receiving considerable attention because of their vectorial capacity. The spatial and temporal distributions of mosquito vectors directly influence the maintenance of arbovirus cycles in specific areas. This study presents a spatial-temporal analysis of culicid entomofauna in an Atlantic Forest fragment in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Collections were made from March 2020 to February 2024 using installed ovitraps at varying heights (ground level, 2 m, 4 m, and 6 m) in Fazenda Iguapé, located in the municipality of Silva Jardim. Mosquito communities were analyzed by comparing diversity and abundance indices of species per trap and assessing the temporal variation of culicid populations throughout the collection period. The most abundant species, Haemagogus leucocelaenus exhibited an increasing oviposition pattern with elevation. Aedes terrens showed a positive association with a height of 6 m. Aedes albopictus displayed the highest oviposition at a height of 6 m, followed by ground level and 4 m. The highest abundance of medically important mosquitoes at Fazenda Iguapé occurred in September and November 2023.

During August and September 2024, mosquito collections were conducted in southeastern Mexico, including the state of Michoacán. Species collected in Michoacán included Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. epactius, Haemagogus sp., and Culex quinquefasciatus. This is the first record of Ae. albopictus in Michoacán state. At present, the expansion of Ae. albopictus includes most states and physiographical regions of Mexico, including the entire Pacific Coast region from Sinaloa to Chiapas states. The Mexican states where Ae. albopictus has not yet been reported are Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Durango, Sonora, Tlaxcala, and Zacatecas. Specimens collected during this study were deposited in the Culicidae Collection of the Antonio Narro Autonomous Agrarian University in Coahuila, Mexico.

Aedes albopictus is a significant vector of dengue and chikungunya to humans. Increasing evidence of resistance of this species coupled with their use of cryptic habitat pose significant obstacles to effective control. We investigated efficacy against natural populations of Ae. albopictus of a novel aryl amide spatial repellent (Compound 53) and a novel synergist (trans-chrysanthemic acid; TCA) that in previous work had shown high capability to repel Ae. aegypti in a laboratory environment. We observed a significant reduction in collections of Ae. albopictus in a wooded north Florida residential yard when synergized Compound 53/TCA was present. We conclude that this novel synergized aryl amide demonstrates potential and should be investigated further.

Habitat descriptions for vector larvae of public health importance are fundamental to the design of cost-effective control measures. Faced with the invasion of the giant African snail, Lissachatina fulica, the objective of the present study was to determine the role of empty giant African snail shells as mosquito breeding sites. Three experiments were performed under field conditions in four microenvironments on the banks of the Lili River in the city of Cali. Additionally, two artificial containers (motorcycle tires and plastic cups) were placed in each microenvironment. In experiments 1 and 2, the empty giant African snail shells of different sizes, which contained a previously determined water volume, were positioned in 4 selected microenvironments. In experiment 3, empty giant African snail shells of different sizes were also located in the four microenvironments during the rainy season, and the water volume in each shell was the result of natural rainfall accumulation. The variables final water volume, shell size, and mosquito density were evaluated in the three experiments, using a total of 92 shells. The dominant mosquito species identified were Limatus durhamii, Aedes albopictus, and Ae. aegpti. Experiment 1 revealed that giant African snail shells measuring less than 60 mm had limited breeding potential, whereas experiment 3 showed that shells larger than 100 mm had higher numbers of mosquito larvae. There was a significant association between shell size, water volume, and mosquito density. A total of 757 mosquitoes were identified. This is the first exploratory study under field conditions in Colombia to evaluate empty giant African snail shells as breeding sites for mosquitos of public health importance. Results of this study provide new information that should be considered in control strategies in areas with concomitant presence of giant African snails. Entomological findings and their epidemiological importance are discussed.

Invasive mosquito species play an important role in transmitting pathogens that cause diseases in humans and animals around the world. In the last decade, arboviral pathogens transmitted by invasive mosquito species have increased substantially in the southeastern region of the USA ("the Southeast"). Early detection of invasive mosquitoes is an important component of an integrated mosquito management (IMM) plan. To determine the capacity of the southern region of the USA to conduct invasive mosquito surveillance, the Mosquito Biodiversity Enhancement and Control of Non-native Species (BEACONS) working group conducted a survey in 2021 in seven US southern states: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina. A total of 348 mosquito control agencies were contacted, and of those, 90 agencies (26%) responded. Here we report the results about the status of an IMM program and the techniques used for mosquito and pathogen surveillance in the Southeast. Results reveal several gaps in surveillance for invasive mosquito species, compromising the ability for early detection and rapid response. Further, we identified a lack of arbovirus testing, which could result in inadequate arboviral risk assessment and may increase the risk of human and livestock to acquire arboviral infections. This survey data can assist decision makers at the county, regional, and state levels to ameliorate gaps in surveillance capacity in the Southeast.