Negative associations between psychopathic traits and religiosity/spirituality have been previously reported in community samples. However, whether similar associations are observed in samples characterized by clinical levels of psychopathic traits remains unknown. The current study investigated the relationship between psychopathic traits and religiosity/spirituality among = 137 incarcerated participants, including both adult men ( = 47) and women ( = 90). Psychopathic traits were assessed using the expert-rated Hare Psychopathy Checklist - Revised (PCL-R) and religiosity/spirituality was assessed via the self-report Index of Core Spiritual Experiences (INSPIRIT). Consistent with hypotheses, we observed that higher PCL-R total and Facet 2 scores (assessing affective psychopathic traits) were associated with lower INSPIRIT total scores, with the strongest effects observed among men. Our results suggest that individuals with elevated psychopathic traits, particularly men characterized by affective dysfunction (i.e., a lack of empathy, guilt, and remorse), are characterized by lower levels of religiosity/spirituality.

Reward devaluation theory (RDT) describes the cognitive/affective process whereby people learn to interpret once-rewarding stimuli as threatening (Winer & Salem, 2016). RDT has advanced depression theory and science, but may also explain counterintuitive social phenomena, such as climate "doomerism" (Huber, 2020; Nightingale et al., 2020). The current experiment examined RDT in relation to climate values and beliefs. Participants were recruited in late 2022 from climate change-concerned social media groups. They completed a mixed-design experiment, with feedback to an imagined climate plan (positive, neutral) as the repeated measures independent variable, valence ratings regarding the feedback as dependent variables, and the RDT-related self-report measure fear of happiness (FHS) as the continuous between-subject variable. Results indicated the novel manipulation was successful. Critically, there was also a strong negative correlation between FHS and positive, but not neutral, condition ratings. These findings were predicted via RDT, and suggest that higher FHS predicts devaluation of positive information regarding the climate crisis-- among individuals likely to hold passionate climate beliefs. We thus present a novel manipulation that can be easily implemented to study cognitive/affective processes around climate change. We also demonstrate how tendencies to devalue reward can impact positive experience even within domains of passionate importance.

Network analyses offer a viable alternative approach to understanding the nature of mental disorders. The current study was conducted to advance our understanding of the network underlying of Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)-assessed traits in 1698 incarcerated adult males. First, in order to test the robustness of past findings, a generalized Potts network was constructed to identify the most central item in a unidimensional psychopathy network. Consistent with some previous studies, analyses demonstrated Callous/Lack of Empathy was the most central psychopathy trait. To investigate a multidimensional network solution of psychopathy, we utilized exploratory graph analysis to organize the PCL-R items into separate clusters. The analysis yielded a four-cluster solution that closely resembled the commonly observed four-factor solution of psychopathy. Analyses demonstrated that Callous/Lack of Empathy also had the highest bridge centrality, suggesting these features are critical to linking the different clusters in the network together. These findings provide additional evidence of the importance of unempathic and callous behavior to both unidimensional and multidimensional network accounts of psychopathy.

Taxonomic models of psychopathology and personality share striking similarities, but lines of research are often conducted independently. Integrating the two frameworks facilitates the inclusion of important constructs that are commonly overlooked in traditional models of psychopathology, but there is not yet consensus on the best joint factor structure (e.g., two-factor psychopathology models; multi-factor personality models), particularly in developmentally important periods such as childhood. The current study integrated psychopathology and personality data collected via parent-report from 649 children (52.54% male; aged 8-12) to compare four-factor, three-factor, and two-factor bifactor models. Although a four-factor model demonstrated the best fit according to traditional goodness of fit indices, only a two-factor internalizing/externalizing model satisfied interpretability/reliability criteria. Additionally, the inclusion of positive affectivity items improved the predictive utility of an internalizing factor when predicting depression. Findings suggest that traditional two-factor internalizing/externalizing models produce factors that are best suited for interpretation and reproduction in research and clinical work but can be supplemented with important temperament dimensions such as positive affectivity.

Self-continuity (i.e., people's sense of connectedness with their past and future selves) declines with increasing distance from the present moment. Questions remain about the specific patterns of such temporal declines and about potential associations between self-continuity and temporal discounting (i.e., the tendency to devalue delayed outcomes). In response, the present research assessed both past and future self-continuity as well as temporal discounting across multiple time intervals in two U.S. adult lifespan samples . Analyses examined the associations between self-continuity and temporal discounting and fitted mathematical models from the temporal discounting literature (exponential/hyperbolic/q-exponential) to self-continuity. The q-exponential model provided the best fit for both self-continuity and temporal discounting data. However, associations between temporal discounting and past or future self-continuity were only found at single intervals but not for average levels or slope parameters. Theoretical implications, methodological limitations, and future directions are discussed.

Self-control has received considerable attention across fields. A substantially smaller portion of the literature has focused on the availability of self-control in the moment. Our interest is a small body of research in which self-control capacity is assessed repeatedly in everyday life. This preregistered review was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institution methodology for scoping reviews and guided by the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews: Checklist and Explanation. Sources were eligible if they examined repeated naturalistic observations of self-control and measured state self-control at least twice per day. The search identified 8116 articles. Of these, 23 were included in this review. At a broad descriptive level, state self-control fluctuated over time. High state self-control was associated with positive outcomes while state self-control deficits were associated with negative outcomes. Despite variability in measurement, there was overarching consistency across measures in studies, primarily reflecting perceived control/willpower or capacity to resist temptations.

The current study examined direct and indirect associations between parent and child antisocial behavior. Indirect associations were through aggressive interparental conflict and parent aggression towards children. Participants were 199 two-parent families with a child between the ages of 6 and 12 years. Mothers and fathers completed questionnaire measures of antisocial behavior, marital conflict, parenting, and child antisocial behavior. Results supported independent associations between mother and father antisocial behavior and child antisocial behavior, controlling for child age, child sex, and family income. Indirect associations were also observed in which mother antisocial behavior was associated with higher interparental conflict, interparental conflict was related to higher mother harsh parenting, and mother harsh parenting was related to greater child antisocial behavior. Findings indicate that aggressive family dynamics may play a role in the transmission of antisocial behavior from mothers to children, and that alternative mechanisms of risk may be involved in the transmission of antisocial behavior from fathers to children.

Recent theoretical and empirical advances in purpose in life indicate a state component to feeling purposeful. This study used a micro-longitudinal study to identify person (age, sex, race, education), temporal (day in study, time of day, weekend), and broad (at work, with others) and specific (e.g., eating/drinking, shopping) contextual factors associated with momentary feelings of purpose. Participants (=303; age range 40-70) reported their momentary purpose three times a day for eight days and what they were doing at the time of the alert for the survey. Relatively older participants (b=.36, SE=.13, p=.007) reported more momentary purpose compared to relatively younger participants. Participants reported more purpose in the afternoon (b=2.18, SE=.62, p<.001) and less purpose on weekends (b=-1.37, SE=.62, p=.027). The broad contextual factors were associated with purpose: Participants reported being more purpose-driven at work (b=9.30, SE=.71, p<.001) or with others (b=2.15, SE=.57, p<.001) compared to not at work or alone, respectively. Specific contextual factors were associated with feeling more purpose-driven (e.g., caregiving b=14.17, SE=1.99, p<.001; exercising b=15.59, SE=1.65, p<.001), except leisure activities, which were associated with less purpose (b=-4.76, SE=.99, p<.001). Feeling purposeful varies across moments and is sensitive to time of day, location, and activities engaged in.

While previous research highlights the significance of parenting and family dynamics in adolescent suicidal thoughts and behavior (STBs), there has been a limited focus on how early caregiver-child affective patterns may influence preadolescent STBs. This is important given the rise of STBs in preadolescents. This study employed a dynamic systems approach to explore the role of in-the-moment affective dynamics in caregiver-preschooler interactions on STB risk, focusing on affective variability and shared (positive, neutral, and negative) affect as risk factors for preschool and preadolescent STBs. Children ( = 135, X with a preschool depression) and their caregivers participated in a longitudinal study; STBs were assessed using clinical diagnostic interviews at preschool (ages 3-7 years) and in preadolescence (ages 8-12 years). Two groups were created to characterize history of STBs across the two periods: no/remitted-STBs and emerged/persistent STBs. During the preschool assessment, caregiver-child dyads completed two interaction tasks coded offline. State Space Grids (SSGs) were used to derive measures of dyadic affective flexibility and shared affect. Caregiver-preschooler affective dynamics were examined as predictors of STB history. Greater affective flexibility, less shared positive affect, and more shared neutral affect predicted a higher likelihood of preadolescent STBs. Follow-up analyses with all dyadic variables revealed the unique contributions of affective flexibility and less positive shared affect predicting STB status even when controlling for child psychopathology and caregiver depression. Findings suggest affective dynamics within the caregiver-preschooler relationship are associated with later STBs, suggesting a potential dyadic risk marker for poor relationship quality in this population.

There is growing interest in understanding whether, and under what circumstances, depression confers risk for violence perpetration. To address these questions, we examined whether major depressive disorder (MDD) symptoms correlated with violence perpetration beyond co-occurring externalizing psychopathology, and whether individual differences in reward and emotional reactivity modified depression-violence associations. In a sample of 480 community adults ( =32.2/10.5, 53.5% female), lifetime MDD symptoms correlated positively with lifetime violence perpetration (e.g., assault, physical fighting) above and beyond basic demographic variables. However, this relationship became non-significant after accounting for co-occurring alcohol and substance use disorders symptoms. The link between depression and violence was also modulated by individual differences in reward sensitivity, but not emotional reactivity. Follow-up analyses indicated that MDD symptoms correlated positively with violence perpetration among individuals with blunted trait reward sensitivity, particularly those low on consummatory reward, but not individuals high on reward sensitivity. Together, these findings demonstrate the importance of considering depression symptoms and trait reward sensitivity in models of violence risk, novel insights that can inform prevention and intervention efforts.

It is well established that people scoring high in narcissism fantasize about a grandiose future. However, little research has examined whether narcissism is actually associated with setting unrealistic, grandiose future goals for oneself. In the present study, we pool three independent adult samples (total = 482) to evaluate the relationship between three dimensions of narcissism (agentic extraversion, antagonism, and narcissistic neuroticism) and self-reported likelihood of setting statistically unlikely goals (e.g., creating world peace). Through a series of bootstrapped correlation and regression analyses, we find that participants scoring higher in agentic extraversion and antagonism are more likely to set unrealistic goals, whereas participants scoring higher in narcissistic neuroticism are less likely to set unrealistic goals. When controlling for covariance between these narcissism dimensions as well as self-esteem and history of manic/hypomanic symptoms, agentic extraversion emerges as the strongest correlate of setting unrealistic goals. Overall, this study demonstrates that narcissism, and particularly agentic extraversion, is associated with intending to set grandiose future goals.

Previous research shows depression and anxiety are negatively correlated with subjective well-being. Additionally, there is evidence psychological resilience positively influences well-being. The present study explored whether the relationship between depression/anxiety and subjective well-being might also be moderated by aspects of psychological resilience - such that depression and anxiety do not reduce well-being to the same extent in individuals high in psychological resilience traits. Participants from an exploratory sample (N = 236, M = 23.49) and confirmatory sample (N = 196, M = 24.99) completed self-report measures of depression, anxiety, well-being, resilience, and hardiness (i.e., CDRISC and DRS-15). As expected, results showed strong negative correlations between anxiety/depression and both well-being and resilience/hardiness, as well as positive correlations between well-being and resilience/hardiness. A significant interaction was also present between both resilience/hardiness and depression/anxiety in predicting well-being in the first sample. Results partially replicated in the confirmatory sample (i.e., for hardiness but not resilience). These findings add to prior work by highlighting hardiness (as measured by the DRS-15), one aspect of psychological resilience, as an important protective factor in mental health. Namely, results suggest individuals with symptoms of affective disorders may remain capable of living subjectively fulfilling lives if they possess traits of psychological resilience such as hardiness.

Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is a well-established risk factor for suicidality in adolescence and young adulthood. However, the specific mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. Existing research and theoretical frameworks suggest alterations in cognitive and affective processes may account for this association. Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) exacerbates negative affect and arousal states and may contribute to sustained distress. It is therefore plausible that ACEs may be associated with high IU, and in turn, high IU may be associated with increased suicide risk. The present study directly tests this hypothesis in a cohort of youth (18-19 years) with varying ACE exposure. Participants with and without a history of trauma (N=107) completed a battery of self-report questionnaires to assess ACEs, IU, and suicide risk. Results revealed ACEs were significantly associated with both IU and suicide risk. IU and suicide risk were also correlated. Importantly, findings demonstrated a significant indirect effect of ACEs on suicide risk through IU. Findings converge with broader literature on the relationship between childhood adversity and suicidality and extend previous research by highlighting IU as a mediator of this relationship, positing IU as a potentially viable target for suicide prevention among those with a history of ACEs.

Alexithymia is a clinically relevant personality trait characterized by poor emotional awareness and associated with several psychological and physical health concerns. Individuals with high alexithymia tend to engage in experiential avoidance and this may mediate psychological distress. However, little is known about what specific processes of experiential avoidance are involved, and the nature of the relation between alexithymia, experiential avoidance, and psychological distress remains unclear at a latent construct level. To examine this relationship at the latent construct level, a representative sample of 693 U.S. adults completed alexithymia (TAS-20, BVAQ, PAQ), general distress (DASS-21), multi-dimensional experiential avoidance (MEAQ), and general health (PROMIS-G-10) questionnaires. Structural equation modeling revealed that alexithymia significantly predicted experiential avoidance (β = 0.966, = 82.383, < .01), experiential avoidance significantly predicted general distress (β = 0.810, = 2.017, < .05), and experiential avoidance fully mediated the relationship between alexithymia and general distress (β = -0.159, = -0.398, > .05). Correlations between alexithymia and experiential avoidance subfactors revealed a strong relationship to the repression and denial subfactor. Experiential avoidance is a promising target for clinical interventions, though longitudinal research is necessary to elucidate how the relationship between alexithymia and experiential avoidance unfolds over time.

There is increasing evidence that dysfunctional personality traits, related to psychological maladjustment and psychopathology, can play an important role in a person's ability to cope with major stressful events. Relatively little is known about the specific effect of the emotional component on the relationship between maladaptive personality traits and psychological stress. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the maladaptive personality traits of psychoticism, detachment, and negative affect, and psychological stress, considering the effects of COVID-19-related worries and emotional dysregulation. An online survey was administered to 1172 adult participants. A series of path analysis models showed that maladaptive personality traits (psychoticism, detachment, and negative affect) are related to psychological stress. COVID-19-related worries and emotional dysregulation partially explained this association. The results suggest that in the early months of 2022, during the reduction of government restrictions, although the world population was no longer in nationwide lockdown, the COVID-19-related emotional component could still explain, at least in part, the association between maladaptive personality traits and psychological stress.

This article presents findings on the personality traits of individuals who identified as either Vaxxers (V) or Anti-Vaxxers (AV) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study administered measures of Dark Triad traits (Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy), trait emotional intelligence, and personality to a sample of 479 participants (283 Vs and 196 AVs) recruited via mTurk. Results indicated that Vaxxers scored higher on HEXACO Honesty and Conscientiousness while Anti-Vaxxers scored higher on the Dark Triad and trait emotional intelligence. These findings contribute to the understanding of personality differences between Vaxxers and Anti-Vaxxers during a public health crisis.

Emotionality and self-regulation are crucial for positive development, especially during early adolescence when youths experience normative increases in behavioral problems and declines in prosociality. Using Latent Profile Analysis (LPA-a person-oriented technique to identify patterns of functioning individuals), we identified youths' profiles based on dimensions of mother-reported negative emotionality (NE; anger/frustration, sadness/depressive mood), and Effortful Control (EC; attentional, activation and inhibitory control) and examined concurrent associations with self- and mother-reported aggressive and prosocial behaviors. We included a cross-national sample of 530 youths ( 11.43; 49% males) from Colombia (17%), Italy (36%), and United States (47%). We identified four profiles: Adjusted (38%; low NE; high EC)-lowest aggression, highest prosociality; Average (34%; average NE and EC)-average aggression and prosociality; Emotional-regulated (20%; high NE; average EC)-average aggression and high prosociality; and Emotional-dysregulated (8%; high NE; low EC)-highest aggression, low prosociality. We highlight associations of different emotion-regulation patterns with specific behavioral responses in early adolescence.

Given the importance of friendships during challenging times and the mixed associations between personality traits and disease-related behaviors, we investigated the correlations between personality traits and perceptions of friendships during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected as part of a longitudinal investigation of the correlations between the pandemic and various cooperative relationships. In this investigation, we found that agreeableness and neuroticism predicted participants being more concerned about COVID-19 and bothered by friends' risky behavior, and extraversion predicted enjoying helping friends during the pandemic. Our results suggest that personality differences are associated with how individuals cope with friends' risky behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Irritability and sleep problems are common symptoms that span a range of internalizing and externalizing mental health disorders. While poor sleep has been associated with symptoms related to irritability (e.g., anxiety and depression), few studies have directly tested the association between sleep quality and irritability and whether the association is direct or mediated by a separate mechanism.

We examined the association between intellectual humility (IH)-a willingness to consider credible new information and alternative views and revise one's own views if warranted-and adherence to experts' health behavior recommendations in the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic. Study 1 ( = 541) results showed that people higher in IH are more likely to engage in recommended health behaviors (e.g., mask-wearing, social distancing)-even when controlling for political affiliation. Additional analyses focused specifically on mask-wearing produced initial evidence consistent with mediation of the IH-mask-wearing relationship by the beliefs that mask-wearing 1) is an effective way to slow the spread of COVID-19 and 2) protects others. Based on the pathway from IH to mask-wearing through a concern for others found in Study 1, Study 2 further examined the relationship between IH and prosocial tendencies. The results from Study 2 (s for correlation coefficients ranged from 265 to 702) showed an association between IH and several values and traits that reflect a concern for others (e.g., agreeableness, benevolence). These findings suggest that IH may influence behavior through both intra- and interpersonal mechanisms. Implications of these findings for the health-behavior domain are discussed.

Purpose in life is associated with less perceived stress and more positive worldviews. This study examined whether people with more purpose adopt a mindset that views stress as beneficial rather than harmful and whether this mindset is one mechanism between purpose and less stress. We used a short-term longitudinal study (=2,147) to test stress mindset as a mediator between purpose in life measured prior to the pandemic and stress measured early in the pandemic. We also tested Covid-related worry as a mechanism, given the measurement period spanned pre-pandemic to the first shutdowns in the United States. In contrast to expectations, purpose was unrelated to whether stress was conceptualized as beneficial or harmful (b=.00, SE=.02; =.710) and thus stress mindset did not mediate the prospective association between purpose and stress. Both purpose in life (b=-.41, SE=.04, <.001) and stress mindset (b=-.24, SE=.04; <.001) were independent prospective predictors of stress. Purpose was related to less Covid-related worry, which was a significant mechanism between purpose and stress (indirect effect=-.03, SE=.01; =.023). A stress-is-enhancing mindset predicted less stress but did not explain why purpose was associated with less perceived stress, whereas fewer Covid-related worries was one pathway from purpose to less stress.

As COVID-19 continues to incur enormous personal and societal costs, widespread vaccination against the virus remains the most effective strategy to end the pandemic. However, vaccine hesitancy is rampant and has been steadily rising for decades. Seeking to remedy this, personality psychologists have begun to explore psychological drivers of vaccine hesitancy, including the Big Five. Openness to Experience presents itself as a vexing case as previous attempts to study its association with vaccine hesitancy have yielded mixed findings. In this preregistered study, we hypothesise that the impact of Openness to Experience on Vaccine Hesitancy depends on its interplay with other factors, namely conspiracy beliefs. To test this, we apply logistic regressions, simple slopes analyses, and propensity score matching to a nationally representative sample of 2500 Italian citizens, collected in May 2021. Contrary to our original hypothesis (i.e., Openness will have a positive association with Vaccine Hesitancy at high - and a negative at low - levels of Conspiracy Beliefs) we find that high Openness diminishes the impact of Belief in Conspiracy Theories on Vaccine Hesitancy. Consistent with previous research, we propose that Openness serves as a buffer against extreme positions by allowing individuals to be exposed to a greater diversity of information.

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, attention has been drawn to conspiracy theories. To date, research has largely examined commonalities in conspiracy theory belief, however it is important to identify where there may be notable differences. The aim of the present research was first to distinguish between typologies of COVID-19 conspiracy belief and explore demographic, social cognitive factors associated with these beliefs. Secondly, we aimed to examine the effects of such beliefs on adherence to government health guidelines. Participants ( = 319) rated well known COVID-19 conspiracy theories, completing measures of thinking style, socio-political control, mistrust, verbal intelligence, need for closure and demographic information. Participants also rated the extent to which they followed government health guidelines. Latent profile analysis suggests three profiles of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs with low, moderate, and high COVID conspiracy belief profiles and successively stronger endorsement on all but one of the COVID-19 conspiracy theories. Those holding stronger COVID-19 conspiracy theory beliefs are more likely to reason emotively, feel less socio-political control, mistrust others, have lower verbal ability and adhere less to COVID-19 guidelines. The social and health implications of these findings are discussed.

Governments around the world are increasingly considering vaccine mandates to curb the spread of COVID-19. In May 2022, we surveyed 394 residents of South Dakota to examine predictors of popular attitudes toward a COVID-19 vaccine mandate. We investigated the role of Big Five personality traits, right-wing authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation, as well as partisan self-identification, evangelical identity, and COVID-19 vaccination status. Results showed that Big Five personality traits (openness and emotional stability), right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, evangelical identity, and partisan self-identification are linked to attitudes toward a COVID-19 vaccine mandate. Our findings underscore the politicization of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the impact of dispositional factors on attitudes toward mandatory COVID-19 vaccination.

Dark Triad traits (psychopathy, narcissism) are associated with nonadherence to COVID-19 prevention measures such as social distancing and wearing face masks, although the psychological mechanisms underpinning this relationship remain unclear. In contrast, high threat-sensitivity may motivate compliance, and maybe seen in relation to vulnerable dark traits (secondary psychopathy, vulnerable narcissism and borderline personality disorder). The relationship between vulnerable dark traits and COVID-19 prevention behaviour has not been examined. During April 2021, participants ( = 263) completed an online psychometric study assessing engagement with COVID-19 prevention behaviour, traditional DT traits (primary psychopathy; grandiose narcissism) and vulnerable DT traits. Potential indirect effects were fear of COVID-19, perceived coronavirus severity, belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories and altruism. Model of path analysis identified predictors of engagement in disease prevention behaviour. Primary psychopathy, grandiose narcissism, secondary psychopathy and BPD were associated with less COVID-19 prevention behaviour, with an indirect effect of reduced coronavirus severity. Grandiose narcissism and BPD were also motivated by COVID-19 conspiracy theories, and increased prevention behaviour when fear of COVID-19 was higher. No direct or indirect effects were observed for vulnerable narcissism. The current study is the first to elucidate psychological mechanisms linking vulnerable dark traits with COVID-19 prevention behaviour.

This study investigated whether personality traits moderate the effects of a 12-month physical or combined physical and cognitive training interventions on physical and cognitive functioning. Participants were community-dwelling 70-85-year-old adults (=314). They were randomly assigned to physical training (weekly supervised walking/balance and strength/balance training, home exercises 2-3x/wk and moderate aerobic activity) or to a physical and cognitive training group (the same physical training and computer training on executive functions 3-4x/wk). The outcomes assessed at baseline and post-intervention were physical (maximum gait speed, six-minute walking distance, dual-task cost on gait speed) and cognitive functioning (Stroop, Trail-Making Test-B, verbal fluency, CERAD total score). Personality traits (NEO-PI-3, =239) were assessed post-intervention. Personality traits did not moderate intervention effects on physical functioning. Higher openness was associated with greater improvement in CERAD scores, especially in the physical and cognitive training group (group×time×trait B=-.08, =.038). Lower neuroticism (time×trait B=-.04, =.021) and higher conscientiousness (time×trait B=.04, =.027) were associated with greater improvement in CERAD scores in both groups. Personality traits had mostly null moderating effects across physical and cognitive outcomes, with the possible exception of CERAD score. Individuals with more adaptive personality traits gained more on global cognitive scores during a 12-month training intervention.

A greater sense of purpose in life is an aspect of well-being associated with markers of cognitive health across adulthood, including subjective cognition. The current research extends this work to examine how purpose is associated with cognitive failures, which are momentary lapses in cognitive function, whether this association varies by age, sex, race, or education, and whether it is accounted for by depressed affect. Adults across the United States (=5,100) reported on their sense of purpose in life, recent cognitive failures in four domains (memory, distractibility, blunders, names), and depressed affect. Purpose was associated with fewer cognitive failures overall and within each domain (median =.30, <.01), controlling for sociodemographic covariates. These associations were similar across sex, education, and racial groups but were stronger at relatively older than younger ages. Depressed affect accounted for all the association between purpose and cognitive failures among adults younger than 50; the association was reduced by half but remained significant among participants 50 and older. Purpose was associated with fewer cognitive failures, especially in the second half of adulthood. Purpose may be a psychological resource that helps support subjective cognition among relatively older adults, even after accounting for depressed affect.

Men with elevated psychopathic traits have been characterized by unique patterns of nonverbal communication, including more fixed and focused head positions during clinical interviews, compared to men scoring low on measures of psychopathy. However, it is unclear whether similar patterns of head dynamics help characterize women scoring high on psychopathic traits. Here, we utilized an automated detection algorithm to assess head position and dynamics during a videotaped clinical interview (i.e., the Psychopathy Checklist - Revised [PCL-R]) in a sample of = 213 incarcerated women. PCL-R Total, Factor 1 (i.e., interpersonal and affective psychopathic traits), and Factor 2 (i.e., lifestyle/behavioral and antisocial/developmental psychopathic traits) scores were associated with a pattern of head dynamics indicative of a rigid head position. The current study extends analyses of nonverbal behavior studies in men to women and highlights how individuals with elevated psychopathic traits demonstrate unique nonverbal behaviors relative to individuals who score low on psychopathic traits. The implications and clinical value of these findings are discussed.

Parental assistance with children's emotion regulation (ER) is a form of emotion socialization behavior that has recently been operationalized with the development of the Parent Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation (PACER) questionnaire. In line with Eisenberg et al.'s , this study sought to test the links between mothers' ER difficulties, their use of ER strategies with their child, and child irritability - a salient dimension of child regulatory difficulties. Cross-sectional data was collected online with mothers ( = 371) of children aged one month to 5 years ( = 2.07 years, S = 1.25) and data were analysed using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. After controlling for child age and gender, maternal distress, and household income, we found small but significant associations between maternal ER difficulties and child irritability. However, maternal use of ER strategies did not account for further variance in child irritability. These findings suggest that there are meaningful associations between maternal ER and child irritability, although maternal strategies to support child ER appear independent of their own ER capacity. Whilst not associated with child irritability, maternal support for children's ER may be associated with other indicators of mental health risk and resilience.

The pathogen stress hypothesis posits that pathogen-related threats influence regional and individual differences in collectivism since behavioral practices associated with collectivism limit the spread of infectious diseases. In support of the hypothesis, previous research demonstrates the association between individualism/collectivism and pathogen stress based on historical records or experimental manipulation. However, it is still unclear whether individuals would indeed value collectivism during the outbreak of infectious diseases. Thus, we investigated the concurrent effects of pathogen-related stress on the endorsement of individualism/collectivism by examining 9322 Koreans for 14 weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results revealed that the level of collectivism among respondents were higher after than before the COVID-19 outbreak. Moreover, the average level of collectivism on a given day showed a significant association with the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases on the same day during the outbreak. Interestingly, individualism did not significantly change for the same period.