A cornerstone of health and well-being research is understanding how different forms of capital and expenditure influence individual outcomes. This study addressed the effects of various types of consumption expenditure and social capital on individual health levels in China, using panel data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2016 to 2022. Additionally, we examine the mediating role of living satisfaction between consumption expenditure and social capital. Employing a fixed-effect model, we found that both overall consumption expenditure and social capital have a positive impact on health. Moreover, living satisfaction serves as a key mediator between social capital and health, as well as between consumption expenditure and health. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that agricultural residents benefit more from spending on essentials and education, underscoring the importance of basic living conditions and education in rural health outcomes. Research conclusions remain robust and statistically significant even after a series of robustness checks and treatments for endogeneity. These findings highlighted the close connection between economic resources, social capital and psychological well-being in shaping health outcomes and suggested that improving individual health serves both as a goal and as a strategy for promoting public health, particularly in contexts of social and economic transformation.

Despite the growing prevalence of the intensive mothering ideology in China, little quantitative research has been conducted within the Chinese context. Utilising data from 449 Chinese mothers of preschoolers, the current study examined how intensive mothering attitudes, as well as whether their associations with maternal involvement in educational activities differed by social class. Results suggested that, compared to middle-class mothers, working-class mothers reported a stronger endorsement of intensive mothering in several aspects. Specifically, they believed more strongly in their inherent roles as mothers, the importance of cognitive stimulation and the child-centred parenting approach, and the challenges of mothering more than their middle-class counterparts. Mothers' endorsements of the importance of cognitive stimulation, the child-centred parenting approach, and the fulfilment in childrearing were positively related to their levels of home-based and school-based involvement. In addition, the association between mothers' recognition of the value of cognitive stimulation and home-based involvement was stronger for middle-class than working-class mothers. The findings highlight the impact of the intensive mothering ideology on maternal involvement and its variations by social class in contemporary China.

The importance of distinguishing between proactive and reactive aggression has been widely debated, yet a comprehensive comparison of their differences remains limited. As such, it is urgent to investigate whether these two forms of aggression represent distinct, separable constructs, each with its own unique influencing factors and functional roles. To address this, we employed network analysis and bridge analysis techniques, utilising self-report measures to investigate this. Our findings confirmed the existence of two separate aggression categories: proactive and reactive aggression. Through community detection analysis of 16 aggression-related variables, we identified three unique communities, corresponding to proactive aggressiveness, reactive aggression, and common influencing factors. This highlighted the diverse psychobiological profiles of proactive and reactive aggression. Furthermore, bridge analysis revealed distinct differences in their functional roles: proactive aggression exhibited a stronger bridge strength, while reactive aggression demonstrated the highest bridge betweenness. These findings highlighted the unique functional profiles of proactive and reactive aggression. Overall, our study provides evidence of the independence of proactive and reactive aggression and offers insights into the distinct influencing factors and functional profiles of each.

Authoritarianism plays a pivotal role in shaping anti-democratic preferences, including support for institutional restrictions on free speech. In this study, we present empirical evidence that authoritarianism undermines public discourse not only through such antidemocratic views but also by fostering ignorance regarding problems with freedom of speech. The study aims to demonstrate that authoritarianism is associated with a more positive perception of media freedom, particularly in contexts where such freedom is more problematic. Using multilevel structural equation modelling and representative data from 31 European countries in the European Social Survey (N = 59,685), we found that authoritarianism correlates with perceptions of media freedom (b = 0.45; p < 0.001), and indirectly, through this perception, with political support-indicated by political trust (b = 0.12; p < 0.001), satisfaction with democracy (b = 0.16; p < 0.001) and satisfaction with the government (b = 0.13; p < 0.001). Moreover, the association between authoritarianism and perceived media freedom is stronger in countries with weaker actual media freedom (b = -0.03; p = 0.016). These findings underscore how authoritarianism contributes to support for antidemocratic regimes that curtail the boundaries of public discourse, often fueled by biased perceptions of free speech opportunities.

In five studies, integrating the Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE) and the Constructivist Model of Wisdom, we examined the social phenomenon of 'online breakup persuasion' and explored its influencing factors and underlying mechanisms. In the pilot study (N = 22,093), to test whether this phenomenon exists, we analyzed the comment characteristics of posts with romantic issues by crawling online comment data. In Study 1 (N = 592), we examined the influence of perceived anonymity on online breakup persuasion, the mediating role of social distance, and wise reasoning. In Study 2, we further verified the results by manipulating perceived anonymity (study 2a; N = 228), social distance (study 2b; N = 259), and wise reasoning (study 2c; N = 251) respectively. Across the five studies, we found the phenomenon of 'online breakup persuasion attempts' is widespread, always accompanied by ridicule, sarcasm, and offensive expressions. The perceived anonymity positively predicted online breakup persuasion, and social distance and wise reasoning played a serial mediating role. However, in view of the limited research focus, future studies should further explore the influence of other factors such as the gender of the poster and the marital status of the advisor on breakup persuasion attempts.

As ecological crises intensify, promoting pro-environmental behaviour (PEB) has become increasingly urgent yet challenging, as individuals often prioritise self-interest over environmental considerations. While prior research confirms the influence of social norms on PEB, the differential effects of these norms (descriptive vs. injunctive) in contexts of conflicting personal, collective, and environmental interests remain insufficiently explored. This study utilised the Greater Good Game paradigm to simulate nested social dilemmas. Experiment 1 demonstrated that exposure to social norms substantially increased environmental choice. Experiment 2 indicated that descriptive norms outperformed injunctive norms, as evidenced by higher contributions to ecological sustainability. The overall findings suggest that PEB significantly increases under the influence of social norms, while self-interested behaviour diminishes, and cooperative behaviour remains consistent. Furthermore, the results revealed that descriptive norms are more effective in promoting PEB in complex, ecologically valid settings, as they can reduce behavioural uncertainty through social identity. This study incorporates normative cues within decision-making contexts involving competing interests and provides evidence-based guidelines for fostering sustainable behaviour.

Previous traumatic exposure, as well as ancestral trauma, may render individuals more sensitive to subsequent trauma. The current study examined the intersection between traumatic events across generations by assessing change in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms before and after the October 7 terror attack among Israeli war veterans while accounting for parental Holocaust exposure. A web-based random sample of 331 Yom Kippur War male veterans of European origin (M = 72.54, SD = 2.86) completed questionnaires in three waves before and after the October 7 attack. Multilevel models showed that PTSD symptoms increased over time. Moreover, having a Holocaust survivor father interacted with time, suggesting that veterans who had a Holocaust survivor father showed a steeper increase in PTSD symptoms across time relative to those without a Holocaust survivor father. Having a Holocaust survivor mother or two survivor parents did not interact with time. The findings have significant implications for the interplay between current, subsequent, and intergenerational effects of traumatic exposure, highlighting a "fragile resilience." This fragile resilience reflected relative resilience under non-stressful conditions but increased symptom triggering in stressful times among war veterans whose fathers experienced massive trauma. Practitioners should be aware of these factors while helping individuals exposed to war and terror.

Several studies have shown that mindfulness positively correlates with people's prosocial behaviours. However, all of these studies were almost conducted in the context of a laboratory environment that required to be generalised to real-life situations. Thus, this study constructed an urban traffic scene through virtual reality technology to observe the effects of brief mindfulness meditation training on individuals' prosocial driving behaviour. We endeavoured to explore whether the effect of mindfulness on prosocial driving behaviour was real and occurred through the participants' responses. We found the improvement of mindfulness allows individuals to engage in more prosocial behaviours in the virtual driving environment, and this positive effect has been maintained throughout the process. This result demonstrates the effectiveness of brief mindfulness training and supports the claim that mindfulness promotes prosocial behaviour. Through this experiment, we extend the prosocial boosting effect of mindfulness to a more specific practical application scenario, where brief mindfulness training can make people friendlier while driving. This experiment sheds light on future research, observing responses in virtual reality to predict what might happen in real life to increase awareness of the positive effects of mindfulness.

A large study involving 129,953 adolescents (aged 13-17) examined the connection between sexual violence, substance use, and mental health. Victims of sexual violence (VSV; n = 20,492; 14.8%) and rape (RV; n = 8133; 6.5%) reported higher rates of parental or caregiver alcohol and cigarette use. These adolescents were also more likely to engage in substance use themselves, especially alcohol and illicit drugs, often beginning before age 14. They also faced increased exposure to risky behaviours like drinking with classmates and using illegal drugs. Additionally, the VSV and RV groups reported significantly higher levels of sadness, anger, suicidal thoughts, and poorer overall health. This research, based on data from a large-scale survey conducted in Brazil, underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions and support systems to address the complex challenges faced by adolescents who have experienced sexual violence.

Most political psychology theories demonstrate that Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), as two fundamental ideological beliefs, are both positively related to individuals' militant and hostile attitudes. Meanwhile, macro-level political contexts also influence the functions of these ideological beliefs. In this article, we argue that China's state-sanctioned socialist political context-upholding authoritarianism while opposing social dominance-results in opposite functions for RWA and SDO in shaping the political attitudes of ordinary people. Using the 2023 Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a case study, we hypothesised that Chinese netizens' RWA and SDO have opposing effects in predicting their support for the war. We further explored the mediating effects of responsibility attribution to the U.S. as well as outgroup prejudices towards Jews and Muslims. Using a cross-sectional questionnaire with a nationwide online sample (N = 1089), we confirmed the contrasting effects of RWA and SDO on the war support of Chinese netizens. Additionally, the influence of ideological beliefs was mainly mediated by the perceived responsibility of the U.S., with prejudices against Muslims or Jews accounting for only a minor effect. These findings highlight the divergent functions of ideological beliefs outside of the political contexts dominated by the liberal-conservative dichotomy.

Guilt as an important self-conscious emotion plays both constructive and destructive roles in affective and cognitive processes of empathy during social interactions. To reconcile these contrasting perspectives, we explored how two distinct guilt emotions-deontological guilt (DG) and altruistic guilt (AG)-affect affective and cognitive empathy, based on a dualistic thesis of guilt. We employed auditory stories to induce participants' DG, AG and neutral emotional states and used an empathy task adapted from the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET) to measure two types of empathy. Results showed that the DG group demonstrated greater affective empathy towards angry, disgusted, fearful and sad faces, and the AG group exhibited more affective empathy towards fearful and sad facial expressions compared to those in the neutral group. Moreover, the DG group also experienced more affective empathy towards disgusted and fearful faces than the AG group. However, cognitive empathy for facial expressions did not differ among the three emotional state groups. Overall, these findings suggest that DG and AG emotions both have a constructive effect on affective empathic responses for specific emotions.

Successfully managing one's unpleasant emotions despite adversities is important to help people maintain their well-being. Using daily diary assessment, we explored the role of Self-efficacy in Regulating Negative Affect (SRN) on Hedonic well-being (HWB), measured once a day over 21 days in a sample of 63 Italian young adults (mean age = 25.43, SD = 3.47; 67.7% women). Dynamic Structural Equation Modelling showed that there is a significant positive correlation between the spill-over effect from daily SRN to HWB, with the carry-over effect of SRN (r = 0.625; 95% CI: [0.179, 0.850]). To explore this result more in depth, we performed a simple slope analysis that revealed that for those young adults with high carry-over of SRN over time, the spill-over effect from daily SRN to HWB was positive and statistically significant (b = 0.247, 95% CI [0.032, 0.447]) compared to those young adults with low carry-over of SRN, which was nonsignificant (b = -0.092, 95% CI [-0.299, 0.137]). We discuss these findings in light of the potential role that SRN could play in people's well-being during their everyday lives, which is in line with Bandura's social cognitive theory. At the practical level, our results suggest that enhancing SRN might be beneficial to young adults' HWB.

This study investigates the impact of family structure on adolescent loneliness in the context of China's one-child and two-child policies. Despite the known physical and mental health consequences of adolescent loneliness and the importance of family factors, research on the role of family structure remains limited. Participants (n = 3312, ages 10-19) were drawn from 32 schools in China using class-based cluster sampling. Network analysis was employed to compare loneliness between only children and non-only children, and multiple linear regression predicted loneliness based on family structure and its interactions with key demographic variables. Results indicate that loneliness differs between only children and non-only children, and being sensitive to withdrawal is a key source of loneliness for only children. However, this process can be moderated by factors such as gender, age, and socioeconomic status. The findings have implications for both academic research and practical interventions addressing adolescent loneliness.

Using samples from Turkey and Germany, which at a country level differ along individualism-collectivism and vertical-horizontal focus, the present study, through measurement-invariant scales and multigroup SEM analysis, found that vertical collectivism and vertical individualism, which generally predict reduced well-being across groups and individuals, indicate unhealthy Big-Five personality factor levels for individuals in a country only when the country sample scores higher on these dimensions. Horizontal focus linked with improved well-being was more characteristic of the German than the Turkish sample and predicted adaptive personality factor levels linked with well-being equally in both country samples. Individuals' cultural self-construal deviance scores from their country sample mean did not produce any significant effects in any country sample. Both countries' individualism and collectivism predicted a healthy personality profile when connected with horizontal focus. The results show that cultural fit could be unhealthy when the cultural dimension (e.g., vertical focus) defining fit predicts reduced well-being and aversive outcomes across individuals and societies, with implications for the subjective well-being of individuals with a migration background in adapting to a host culture such as individuals of Turkish origin in Germany or Syrian refugees in Turkey.

This study investigates the connections between language acculturation, group relations, and life satisfaction among first-generation immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel. We operationalised language acculturation as using the native (Russian) and the new (Hebrew) languages in everyday life outside of work (communicating with relatives and friends, reading, using the internet, and watching movies). We included positive (social support from immigrants and the majority) and negative (discrimination) aspects of group relations in the model. The study used a stratified sample (n = 848, 45% male, with an average time in Israel of 28 years). In general, immigrants used more Hebrew than Russian. However, usage varied across different fields: Russian was more frequently used for communicating with relatives and friends, while Hebrew was more frequently used for reading, using the internet, and watching movies. In addition, using one language conflicted with using the other. Using Hebrew was directly and indirectly (through its positive connection with social support from the majority) connected to satisfaction with life. Using Russian was associated with stronger support from immigrants but also with stronger discrimination. Using Russian was not directly or indirectly connected to satisfaction with life. The pertinence of the acculturation theory to language acculturation is discussed.

Afghans are the second-largest refugee population in the world, yet their mental health needs are understudied. This qualitative investigation has two aims: (1) to examine the mental health beliefs of Afghan refugees in one 'Global North' nation who fled following the 2021 Taliban takeover and (2) to provide an example of how explanatory models might be used to support mental health care in diverse populations. Participants (N = 21) were Afghan refugees who resettled in the US after 2021 and cultural experts. We conducted semi-structured interviews to uncover the mental health belief framework of this population by exploring explanatory domains: 'experiences of distress', 'causal attributions for suffering', 'coping strategies' and 'goals for wellbeing'. Also explored were 'attitudes towards host culture treatment'. Thematic analysis revealed several key findings: emotional suffering is ubiquitous and not a target for treatment; distress is caused by specific circumstances and loss, primary coping strategies are avoidance and reliance on family, community, and faith, and primary goals are survival and functioning in valued roles. 'Recommended clinical approaches' for host culture practitioners that bridge provider and client models are discussed, which offer tools to develop rapport, allow for cultural adaptation and increase acceptability of treatments offered.

Academic achievement, depressive symptoms and learning difficulty have become globally important issues closely related to adolescents. However, there is currently limited understanding of the nature and direction of the relationship between academic achievement, depressive symptoms and learning difficulty, particularly in the context of Chinese education. Based on two-wave longitudinal survey data, this study examines the relationship between depressive symptoms, learning difficulty and academic achievement in a sample of Chinese middle school students (N = 8615). Using cross-lagged models, the results show that depressive symptoms significantly negatively predict academic achievement, and there is a significant bidirectional negative relationship between learning difficulty and academic achievement. This finding highlights the importance of low depressive symptoms and learning difficulty in predicting high academic achievement. The conclusions deepen our understanding of the relationships between these variables and provide empirical support for practical educational and psychological interventions.

Investigations of the Dark Triad traits and trait emotional intelligence (EI) have not closely examined potentially meaningful relationships among these traits at the facet level. The goal of this study was to examine these associations in greater detail by assessing the relationships between factors of trait EI and facets of the Dark Triad traits. Participants included 406 university students (M = 21.38 years, SD = 5.32). Results showed that the facets of the Dark Triad differed in the direction and strength of their relationships with the facets of EI, thereby providing a more in-depth interpretation of relationships between the constructs.

This research investigates how gender earnings inequality influences women's self-objectification and explores the mediating role of status anxiety. Across three studies with Chinese women, we tested the hypothesis that perceived earnings inequality heightens status anxiety, which in turn promotes self-objectification. In Study 1, survey data revealed a positive correlation between perceived gender earnings inequality and self-objectification. Study 2 employed an experimental design to manipulate gender earnings inequality and demonstrated that the effect of gender earnings inequality on self-objectification was mediated by increased status anxiety. In Study 3, we experimentally reduced status anxiety and found that doing so attenuated the impact of perceived gender earnings inequality on self-objectification. Across all studies, the effects were modest but consistent. These findings contribute to objectification theory by identifying status anxiety as a psychological mechanism linking structural gender inequality to women's self-objectification. Moreover, the results underscore the importance of addressing status-based concerns to mitigate the psychological consequences of gendered economic disparities.

Adult attachment style shapes how people perceive and regulate social relationships. Prior research has shown differences in emotion regulation strategy use across attachment styles but lacks evidence on their temporal dynamics. This preliminary investigation examined 30 female participants (14 avoidant, 16 secure; ages 18-25 years) using event-related potentials (ERP) to investigate neural responses during cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression in response to romantic conflict images. Participants were categorized based on experience in close relationships (ECR) scale scores using ±1 SD cutoffs and completed viewing, reappraisal, and suppression conditions while EEG was recorded. Late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes were analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA across two temporal windows: early regulation (300-500 ms) and late regulation (500-800 ms). Results showed that in early phases (300-500 ms), expressive suppression reduced LPP while reappraisal increased it for avoidant individuals; for secure individuals, only reappraisal reduced LPP. In later phases (500-800 ms), expressive suppression led to stronger LPP in avoidant individuals, while both strategies reduced LPP for secure individuals, with reappraisal also improving pleasantness ratings. These findings suggest that expressive suppression has an earlier but less lasting effect for avoidant attachment, whereas reappraisal yields earlier and more sustained regulation for secure attachment.

This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of self-determination theory (SDT) research over 25 years of scholarly work (1998-2023) published in the Scopus database and comprising over 3706 publications. Using VOSviewer and Bibliometrix, this analysis identified the trends in SDT research covering core trending topics, authors, and institutional networks, as well as emerging themes, among others. The study highlights the theory's evolution from a focus on intrinsic motivation to its broader application today, covering both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and extended organisational outcomes such as well-being and engagement. Key findings reveal that with the rise in the digital work environment, there has been a surge in publication post-2018, and attention has diversified in terms of adapting SDT to meet the evolving psychological needs of employees in the contemporary work environment. Additionally, SWOT analysis uncovers SDT's strengths in its foundational emphasis on three basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) and its adaptability across diverse fields. The findings reveal the potential for cross-disciplinary integration between diverse areas in human resource management and organisational behaviour. Nonetheless, the study also reveals key limitations in operationalising SDT in high-pressure work environments and cross-cultural adaptability. As such, the study suggests future directions for research in exploring the theory's role in the digital work setting and its potential in supporting the psychological well-being of employees by addressing the evolving workplace, changing workplace dynamics, and addressing the evolving psychological needs of employees.

In recent years, researchers have increasingly focused on the impact of pain on impulsive choice. Some studies suggested that pain leads to shortsightedness, while others found no effect of pain conditions on impulsive choice. Based on the dual system theory of decision-making, this study proposed that moderate levels of social pain might prompt individuals to adopt forward-looking and predictive responses, think more rationally and process relevant information about future rewards through an analytical system to make long-term decisions. Additionally, this study included a framework variable to investigate whether the perception of monetary gain in a gain scenario and loss aversion in a loss scenario could regulate the influence of social pain on impulsive choice. This study found that moderate levels of social pain led to a long-term view, which provided implications for human survival and evolution. Drawing upon the influence of social pain intensity and different frameworks, this study investigated the impact of social pain on impulsive choice, thereby contributing to advancements in pain research.

In everyday life, people frequently seek advice from others. The purposes of seeking advice can be twofold: first, to improve the accuracy of decisions, which is driven by accuracy motivation; and second, to establish good relationships with the advisors, which is driven by relationship motivation. Advisors, when giving advice to others, also consider the potential motivations behind the decision makers' advice-seeking. Two studies explore how advisors give advice based on the perceived advice-seeking motivations of decision makers. The results indicate that: (1) In terms of willingness to give advice, the impact of perceived advice-seeking motivations is not significant, but a closer social distance can increase the advisors' willingness to give advice. (2) Regarding advice-giving behaviour, when advisors perceive close friends seeking advice based on relationship motivation (compared to accuracy motivation), they tend to search for more information and spend long time searching. However, when they perceive ordinary friends seeking advice driven by accuracy motivation (compared to relationship motivation), advisors exhibit greater effort in searching for information. This research can help decision makers get better advice.

Previous studies show that people often feel more capable of prosocial behaviours after downward comparisons. However, there is limited research on how downward comparisons affect pro-environmental consumption. We conducted two online experiments to investigate the impact of downward comparisons on pro-environmental consumption under temporal (Study 1) and social (Study 2) comparisons in China. The results show that downward temporal comparison positively affected preferences for pro-environmental products. Downward social comparison increased both preferences and the willingness to pay for pro-environmental products. In terms of the mechanism, the temporal comparison effect was accounted for by self-evaluations and private self-awareness. Meanwhile, self-evaluations and both private and public self-awareness accounted for the social comparison effect. These findings underscore the importance of downward temporal and social comparisons on pro-environmental consumption within the cultural context of China. Our study establishes links between downward comparisons and pro-environmental consumption within the framework of the internal/external model and self-image/product-image congruity theory. The findings also have significant implications for designing tailored strategies aimed at incentivising pro-environmental consumption.

Greenspace exposure enhances children's emotional well-being (greater happiness and fewer emotional problems), and the extent of this enhancement depends on their temperament characteristics. However, much of what we know comes from population-wide studies that compare how children differ from each other in terms of overall greenspace exposure. This study used a 14-day daily diary method to examine how children's temperament moderates the within-child associations between greenspace exposure and emotional well-being in daily life. This study included 461 children (211 boys; M = 10.56 years, SD = 0.85 years) along with their parents. Multilevel models revealed that the positive association between daily greenspace exposure and same-day happiness was stronger among children with higher levels of negative affectivity/lower levels of effortful control than among children with lower levels of negative affectivity/higher levels of effortful control. At the person level, children with higher levels of negative affectivity were more likely to exhibit greater happiness when exposed to greenspace for longer periods than were children with lower levels of negative affectivity. Our findings underscore the need for prevention and intervention efforts that promote greenspace exposure and take children's temperament into account to increase their emotional well-being.

Within the current study, we address the question of whether intelligence would be negatively related to narcissistic identity with nation (i.e., belief in the nation's greatness that requires external recognition) and endorsement of conspiracy theories (i.e., the tendency to explain events through secret plots by powerful groups). We found a consistent pattern of associations using the data from two culturally different samples of Polish (N = 1143) and British (N = 388) participants. That is, we observed consistent negative relationships between intelligence and socio-psychological variables responsible for out-group derogation: national narcissism and conspiracy beliefs. Moreover, lower national narcissism partially accounted for the association between higher intelligence and lower conspiracy beliefs, which provides initial evidence that higher intelligence may be related not only to a less narcissistic identity but also to weaker endorsement of conspiracy theories. We discuss the implications for understanding the role of intelligence and national narcissism in shaping the psychological roots of susceptibility to conspiracy narratives.

Fairness is a fundamental principle in human social interactions that influences subsequent behavioural decisions. As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes more prevalent, human-computer interactions have emerged as a new mode of social interaction. This study investigates the differences in fairness perceptions and their impact on trust decisions in human-human and human-AI contexts using a mixed experimental design of 2 (proposer identity: AI/human) × 2 (offer: fair/unfair) × 2 (trustee identity: AI/human). A total of 128 university students participated in the experimental study employing both the Ultimatum Game and the Trust Game paradigms. The results showed that participants who received fair offers had higher trust investment rates and amounts than those who received unfair offers. When offers were unfair, the AI proposer group elicited greater investment willingness, leading to higher trust investment rates than the human proposer group. Conversely, under fair conditions, participants displayed greater risk aversion towards human trustees, investing at lower rates and amounts than with AI trustees. The findings suggest that fairness perceptions in human-computer interactions have a stronger impact on trust decisions than those in human-human interactions.

Studies revealed that teachers frequently experience stress and a decline in job satisfaction. This meta-analysis examined the association between teacher well-being measures and self-compassion, as well as the impact of mindfulness interventions on these traits. The study synthesises data from 19 studies, encompassing a total of 4420 teachers. It reveals a significant positive correlation between teacher well-being and self-compassion. Specifically, self-compassion inversely correlates with stress levels (r = -0.49) and positively correlates with job satisfaction (r = 0.32). Furthermore, mindfulness interventions have been shown to substantially enhance both self-compassion (Cohen's d = 0.77) and mindfulness (Cohen's d = 0.78) among teachers. These findings suggest that mindfulness interventions can effectively increase self-compassion, thereby improving teacher well-being. The positive association between self-compassion and teacher well-being underscores the potential benefits of targeted interventions to enhance these traits. However, further high-quality research is necessary to optimise interventions aimed at augmenting teacher self-compassion. This is crucial for fostering greater teacher well-being and effectiveness in educational settings.