Extended reality (XR) is an emerging field that connects the physical and digital worlds, enabling communication that transcends time and space. Commercial XR devices have been developed to support such experiences, but they are limited to specific sensations, mainly vibrational cues. Furthermore, these devices are realized mainly in rigid form factors, requiring external controllers or equipment, which hinders intuitive interaction and causes a mismatch with natural body movements. In this regard, skin-integrated human-machine interfaces with wearable electronics have played an important role in intuitive and immersive interaction in the XR environment, facilitating highly authentic sensory reconstruction and perception. Novel innovations in materials and structural design have enabled a wider range of sensory modalities and miniaturization, overcoming the limitations of conventional rigid XR systems. In this article, we thoroughly review human perception mechanisms to replicate hyper-realistic sensations. Then, we deal with the design and functionality for sensory feedback and input, specifically tailored for XR applications. In addition, we discuss precise system-level integration for untethered XR devices, alongside the role of artificial intelligence in real-time processing and rapid sensation conversion through predictive algorithms. Finally, we introduce promising XR applications and conclude with the challenges and prospects of future XR technologies.

Inspired by the ion transport mechanisms in biological systems, ionic technologies have emerged as a transformative field that bridges biology and electronics. Unlike electrons, ions not only transmit electrical signals but also convey chemical information and exhibit ion-specific transport behaviors. At the center of iontronic devices lie ion channels, highly selective and efficient structures that control ion transport. These ion channels, whether biological nanopores or artificial nanofluidic channels, fundamentally determine the properties of the devices. Therefore, understanding, engineering, and integrating versatile ion channels into artificial systems are critical to advancing the field. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of iontronic devices and systems, mainly covering advances after 2010, beginning with the principles of ion transport in both biological and artificial ion channels. We then examine fabrications and characterizations, with a focus on how material and structural design influence ionic properties. Device architectures are summarized and compared across multiple dimensions and scales. We highlight emerging applications in bioiontronics, neuromorphic computing, energy harvesting, water treatments, and environmental sustainability. Despite significant advancements, we propose that challenges remain in achieving the desired ion selectivity, efficient ionic signal transduction, and seamless integration of iontronics with electronics and biology.

Vicinal amino alcohols, also called 1,2- or β-amino alcohols, are an important class of chemical modalities that may serve as chiral ligands for metal-based catalysts or as catalysts themselves and are found within numerous pharmaceutically active compounds. As such, a multitude of strategies have been adopted for their preparation, with traditional approaches leveraging diastereoselective synthesis of this scaffold based upon existing stereochemistry within a substrate. Many times, naturally occurring chiral variants or syntheses of the moiety from chiral natural sources have been utilized. Given their prominence, there have been myriad strategies developed for the catalytic enantioselective synthesis of β-amino alcohols; however, these have largely focused on the formation of alcohols. In this Review, we detail the existing methods in the significantly less explored area of the catalytic enantioselective preparation of 1,2-amino alcohols and their analogues.

This review chronicles rapid advances in computational approaches in high-energy-density materials (HEDMs), which display a tradeoff between performance and safety that poses challenges from molecular to system levels. We illustrate the transformative fusion of predictive theory and modern experimentation─which is driving the transition of HEDM science from empirical discovery to data-driven rational design. The analysis begins with the physics-based foundation of the field, illustrating how quantum chemistry and multiscale dynamics provide insight into stability and emergent behavior from an energetic perspective. At the heart of our analysis lies the iterative feedback loop between simulation and experimental validation, a core element of this emerging paradigm. The review ultimately frames the critical questions and opportunities that will define the future of the field, as we move toward a new generation of HEDMs that are potentially safer, more sustainable, and higher-performing energetic materials.

Photon upconversion, the process of converting low-energy photons to higher energy ones, shows promise for applications in solar energy, photocatalysis, biomedicine, and additive manufacturing. In triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA), incident low-energy photons populate metastable spin-triplet states that annihilate to generate high-energy emissive spin-singlet states. Thus, TTA-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC) can operate efficiently under incoherent and low-intensity excitation, such as sunlight. In this Review, we discuss the recent emergence of halide perovskite-based materials as potent triplet sensitizers for a variety of applications. Due to their strong and tunable absorption and high defect tolerance, perovskite materials ranging from nanocrystalline to bulk semiconductors enable efficient TTA-UC in both solution and solid-state systems. After introducing the TTA-UC process and giving a brief overview of its beginnings, we first consider TTA-UC systems based on perovskite nanocrystals and low-dimensional perovskite-inspired materials and the achievements that have been made in those areas. We then focus on the mechanism of bulk perovskite-sensitized TTA-UC, the impact the underlying structure holds, and review the current challenges in perovskite-sensitized solid-state UC and outline future research directions to unlock the full potential of TTA-UC in practical applications.

Ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as highly tunable sorbents and membranes for gas separation, especially in the purification of CO-containing gas streams such as air, natural gas, biogas, and syngas. Their negligible volatility, high thermal stability, and chemical versatility position them as promising alternatives to conventional amine and alkaline metal derivative-based systems, effectively addressing key challenges such as volatility, stability, and high regeneration energy. This Review explores IL-derived systems for CO-related gas separation across dense, porous, and supported categories. At the dense liquid level, we discuss strategies for tailoring IL properties to optimize CO sorption, focusing on the correlation between IL-CO interaction strength, uptake capacity, and regeneration energy. Key advancements in carbon capture, including amino-functionalized (AILs) and superbase-derived ILs (SILs), are highlighted, along with strategies such as chemical structure engineering, multiple binding site integration, alternative driving force exploration, and stability enhancement. Then, the porous liquids (PLs) scale focuses on the emerging field integrating IL properties with permanent porosity engineering, spanning ultramicropores (<5 Å) to macropores (around 100 nm). These innovations improve gas uptake capacity, accelerate transport kinetics, introduce the gating effect, and enable the coexistence of active sites with antagonistic properties within a single IL medium. At the supported IL scale, the discussion shifts to IL- and ionic pair-modified sorbents and membranes, emphasizing the modulation of cations and anions, confinement effects from porous supports, and the IL-interface interaction to enhance CO separation performance, particularly in diluted gas streams. Beyond separation, this Review highlights IL-based integrated processes for CO capture and conversion into value-added chemicals via thermocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and photocatalytic pathways. At each scale, advanced computational and experimental tools for IL design are also discussed, providing insights into stability enhancement, sorption efficiency, and process integration. The Review concludes by addressing existing challenges and outlining future directions for IL-driven innovations in gas separation technologies.

Transition metal complexes featuring unusual oxidation states represent an exciting frontier in inorganic chemistry. This review surveys the unusual oxidation states of two biologically important metals, platinum (Pt and Pt) and gold (Au), examining their electronic structures, bonding characteristics, and biomedical relevance, among other features. Emphasis is placed on synthetic strategies, redox behavior, and factors influencing their stability and stabilization. Pt complexes can potentially offer an alternative to the traditional Pt anticancer chemotherapy framework and be an intermediate in Pt redox chemistry. Indeed, the Pt-based platinum blues have been widely investigated as anticancer agents soon after the landmark discovery of cisplatin as a cancer chemotherapeutic. Au complexes are less explored for their biological properties but may be intermediates in Au redox chemistry and offer an alternative pathway to gold-based chemotherapeutics. We outline current challenges and future directions in this evolving field, where fundamental chemistry meets therapeutic innovation.

Point source carbon capture is a technology that has been developed to separate carbon dioxide (CO) from gas mixtures prior to emission to the atmosphere. It is considered a crucial technology to manage CO emissions from fossil fuel-based heat and power and industrial processes as part of emissions reduction strategies. The most mature technology is reactive chemical absorption using aqueous amines, with other options emerging. In this review we have described the chemistry of liquid-based reactive chemical absorption and examined the current state-of-the-art in terms of the molecules being investigated. We have also highlighted the critical properties relevant for an absorbent to be effective for carbon capture. The chemical and physical properties have also been considered in terms of how they influence process performance, both positively and negatively, with emphasis on the multifaceted nature of this relationship and the importance of understanding both the chemistry and chemical engineering when endeavoring to make improvements.

Heme is an essential molecule required for critical biochemical processes in most vertebrates and bacteria. During infections, vertebrate hosts sequester heme away from invading pathogens, a process known as nutritional immunity, driving bacteria to evolve diverse mechanisms to evade this immunity and cause diseases. This review explores the functions of heme at the host-pathogen interface. We discuss the multifaceted roles of heme in bacterial pathogenesis and the potential for heme-targeting antimicrobial therapies. Beyond serving as a source of iron in the host environment, where iron bioavailability is limited, heme contributes to the structural stability and enzymatic functions of hemoproteins. We examine the regulatory mechanisms governing bacterial heme homeostasis in the host environment including sensing, detoxification, acquisition, utilization, and degradation pathways. Understanding how heme influences bacterial survival and virulence can lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies that target the various essential and conserved mechanisms of heme homeostasis in bacterial pathogens. Given the rising challenge of antibiotic resistance, heme-based therapeutic interventions are promising strategies for the treatment of bacterial infections.

Research into tetragonal FeS, the synthetic equivalent of the mineral mackinawite, is currently at the frontiers of theoretical and applied chemistry. FeS is stoichiometric and crystallizes with a structure dominated by Fe-Fe layers. The familiar black, nanoparticulate precipitate develops from aqueous FeS clusters and displays varying initial compositions. Particle growth and crystallization are through oriented attachment of FeS nanoplates. Conflicting magnetic properties of FeS result from itinerant Fe d-electrons in the ground state displaying some localization experimentally. It is highly sensitive to the method of synthesis and this has led to widespread irreproducible, and often conflicting, results. At the same time this sensitivity offers the opportunity to synthesize FeS varieties with technologically valuable properties. FeS displays unconventional superconductivity ( ∼ 5K) derived from spatial anisotropy of electron pairs. Exotic compounds can be inserted in the vdW gap between the FeS layers giving rise to a spectrum of interlayered compounds. FeS can be highly efficient in sequestering a large array of environmentally deleterious inorganic and organic compounds including halogenated hydrocarbons. However, FeS nanoparticles are genotoxic and this needs to be further investigated before they are widely distributed in the environment or used for medical purposes.

This review focuses on an important but under-explored biogenic strategy used to control biomineralization processes─confinement─where compartmentalization is fundamental to the organization and function of all organisms. Biominerals combine the functionality of inorganic and organic solid-state materials and are constructed under precise biological control. Often exhibiting desirable properties, such as high strength, toughness, and complex morphologies that surpass those of synthetic materials synthesized under harsher conditions, biomineral formation processes are widely studied. Here we demonstrate the vital role that confinement plays in defining the key structural characteristics of biominerals and in controlling their mechanisms of formation. These range from well-accepted functions, such as stabilizing amorphous phases, isolating the mineralization site, and controlling morphologies, to more speculative roles, including controlling crystal nucleation, orientation and polymorphism. Examples from a range of organisms, mineral types, and length scales are provided, and further insight into potential biogenic mechanisms is gained through comparison with crystallization in complementary confined synthetic systems. Further opportunities for exploring confinement effects in biomineralization systems are discussed throughout, where these will ultimately act as an inspiration for the synthesis of sustainable materials, for medical innovations, as well as providing insights into evolution and environmental change.

Semiartificial photosynthesis has witnessed remarkable progress over the past decade, driven by the integration of diverse biological systems with synthetic materials, ushering in the first generation of biohybrid platforms (Biohybrids 1.0). While previous reviews have extensively examined whole-cell biohybrid systems and the fundamental mechanisms underlying solar-to-chemical energy conversion, a critical knowledge gap remains in the rational optimization of their three core components: photosensitizers, microbial partners, and solar energy input. These interdependent elements collectively determine the efficiency, stability, and scalability of biohybrid platforms. To address this gap, this review offers a comprehensive and structured overview of multidisciplinary strategies for the development of next-generation biohybrid platforms (Biohybrids 2.0). It highlights recent advances in photosensitizer design, microbial selection and engineering, energy sources and conversion strategies, interface control and optimization, and state-of-the-art characterization methodologies, while providing a comprehensive summary of a diverse and expanding range of emerging applications. The review also offers a critical appraisal of current limitations and proposes forward-looking research directions that may enable transformative progress toward Biohybrids 3.0. Altogether, this integrative perspective outlines a coherent framework for the rational design of robust, efficient, and application-ready semiartificial photosynthetic systems for real-world and industrial-scale deployment.

This review provides a foundational understanding of solubility to support researchers in navigating challenges in battery electrolyte development. We survey recent strategies aimed at controlling, and typically maximizing, solubility in electrochemical systems, with a focus on redox flow and metal-ion batteries. The review begins with an accessible overview of solubility concepts, methods for accurately determining solubility for battery-relevant materials, and solubility prediction. We then discuss how solubility can be tuned by modifying the electrolyte solution structure or by tailoring the molecular structure of the active material itself, and we examine emerging strategies to decouple electrolyte capacity from solubility in flow batteries. In the context of metal and metal-ion batteries, we highlight the role of solvation structures in concentrated electrolytes and their influence on both bulk and interfacial properties. Finally, trade-offs associated with high-concentration formulations, such as increased viscosity and reduced ionic conductivity, are considered in light of their impact on practical deployment. We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on solubility as a central design parameter in battery electrolyte research.

Catalytic technology has been extensively utilized for the removal of atmospheric pollutants. Nevertheless, the intricate nature of gaseous pollutant compositions and the fluctuations in operating conditions often lead to catalyst deactivation. This review comprehensively summarizes the deactivation phenomena of catalysts during the catalytic elimination of various pollutants, including nitrogen oxides (NO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), hydrocarbons (HCs), soot, and non-CO greenhouse gases (CH, NO, fluorinated gases). An in-depth exploration of the deactivation mechanisms is conducted, with a focus on the potential compensatory and aggravating effects among poisons under complex operating conditions. Furthermore, effective strategies for fabricating poisoning-resistant catalysts are discussed. For instance, the incorporation of sacrificial sites is proposed as a viable approach to alleviate catalyst poisoning. The sensor system and the model for catalyst deactivation are also presented. Regarding deactivated catalysts, this review delineates effective regeneration methods. It presents a novel descriptor for selecting detoxifying agents based on acid dissociation constants and a strategy for masking intractable poisons. Finally, this review emphasizes the significance of appropriate catalyst evaluation methods in accurately gauging a catalyst's genuine resistance to deactivation. It also highlights that rational catalyst evaluation methodologies, coupled with artificial intelligence-assisted catalyst design, hold great potential for extending catalyst lifespan and enhancing the efficient management of pollutants.

Stretchable ionic conductors (SICs) have been the focus of recent research due to their potential in soft electronics, bioelectronics, and flexible energy devices. A key challenge in this field is achieving a good balance between ionic conductivity and mechanical robustness, particularly in solvent-free systems where durability and long-term stability are critical. Recent progress in elastomer-based SICs has demonstrated innovative strategies to enhance performance, including the use of dynamic cross-linking, supramolecular interactions, and phase-separated networks. Materials such as poly(ionic liquid)-based elastomers (PILs), polymerizable deep eutectic solvents (PDESs), and dual-network ionogels have emerged as promising candidates, offering high stretchability, tunable conductivity, and improved mechanical strength. This review provides an overview of the design strategies and key properties of SICs, focusing on the interplay between mechanical performance and ion-transport. By analyzing recent advances in material architecture, cross-linking chemistry, and ion transport mechanisms, we highlight promising approaches for optimizing SICs for the next generation of stretchable devices.

Monocrystalline solids have been broadly used in many fields, including batteries, electronics, and optics. Monocrystalline cathode materials have regained intensive study in recent years because of their potential to stabilize the cathode-electrolyte interphase at elevated voltages and/or reduce gassing from high capacity nickel-rich cathode materials; thus, more energy can be extracted from the same materials, except that they are converted into grain boundary-free particles, or so-called "single crystals" in the battery field. This work reviews the history, current progress, and future trends of single crystal cathodes for lithium-based batteries with a focus on cost-effective synthesis, scaleup, and manufacturing. Much work is needed to reduce manufacturing costs of single crystal cathodes, from the selection of precursors and synthesis routes to morphology control and equipment design. This review highlights the importance of cost-oriented fundamental research and processing science to accelerate battery materials manufacturing and establish a resilient manufacturing chain for versatile energy storage technologies.

High-energy-density all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) require cathodes with exceptional mechanical integrity, interfacial compatibility, and long-term electrochemical stability. Single-crystal (SC) layered oxides, distinguished from polycrystalline (PC) counterparts by their grain-boundary-free architecture and crystallographic uniformity, exhibit enhanced structural and interfacial stability while providing an ideal model system for decoupling electro-chemo-mechanical interactions. These characteristics enable precise investigation of facet-dependent transport, reaction kinetics, and degradation pathways─insights that can inform the design of both SC and advanced PC cathodes. In this review, we examine the anisotropic lithium transport, mechanical responses, and interfacial behaviors of SC cathodes, and compare them systematically with PCs to clarify how microstructural differences influence performance in ASSLBs. We further summarize advances in intrinsic material optimization, interfacial engineering, and composite electrode architectures, alongside state-of-the-art characterization and modeling tools for probing degradation mechanisms and coupling effects. Finally, we outline key challenges and research directions to accelerate the practical deployment of SC cathodes in next-generation high-energy-density ASSLBs.

During the past decade, the advancement and approval of novel radiopharmaceuticals for clinical application has led to a resurgence of the field of radiochemistry and specifically the coordination chemistry of radionuclides. In addition to well established radionuclides, short-lived radioisotopes of other elements are becoming accessible using new isotope production methods, necessitating the development of coordination chemistry compatible with the aqueous chemistry of such elements under tracer level conditions. As radiochemistry with radioactive metal ions relevant for radiopharmaceuticals is conducted at the nano- to picomole scale, conventional chemical characterization techniques can generally not be applied. Therefore, careful consideration and interfacing of tracer-level compatible techniques and macroscopic characterization methods is required. This Review provides an in-depth survey of common, contemporary characterization strategies for the coordination chemistry of radionuclides, including case studies to demonstrate context and relevance for the prospective development of clinically translatable radiopharmaceuticals.

Soft materials are polymer networks that can be easily deformed by external forces. Incorporating dynamic bonds into these networks imparts various functionalities─such as self-healing, recyclability, and 3D printability─by enabling fast and reversible bond formation. However, the relatively short lifetimes of dynamic bonds compared with permanent covalent bonds can compromise the mechanical robustness of the material. This review highlights design strategies that harness dynamic bonds effectively to achieve both functionality and mechanical robustness in soft materials. We first survey the types of dynamic bonds and their characteristic lifetimes, followed by introducing analytical methods to quantify the network dynamicity. Since the required degree of dynamicity varies depending on the target functionality, we further discuss how to incorporate appropriate dynamic bonds for functionality. Through this, we aim to provide design guidelines for soft materials that combine functionalities with mechanical toughness for reliable use in advanced applications.

Reversible chemistry strategies in cancer treatment and diagnosis have attracted significant attention due to their unique ability to dynamically respond to both exogenous (e.g., light, ultrasound, and magnetic fields) and endogenous (e.g., pH, redox potential, and hypoxia-normoxia) stimuli, thereby modulating the functional characteristics of materials. Reversible cancer therapy offers distinct advantages over irreversible cancer therapy including sustainable cyclic function, shape-specific function, tumor-site-specific function, tumor-specific targeting, on-demand control, deep tumor penetration, and long-term circulation and drug retention. This review comprehensively explores reversible chemistry strategies for cancer therapy and imaging, providing a comprehensive overview of utilizing multiscale (molecular-scale, nanoscale, microscale, and macroscale) materials for various reversible control mechanisms, such as electronic transitions, molecular isomerization, valence state changes, material morphology changes, and mechanical motion. Furthermore, we present various applications, advantages, and challenges of reversible chemistry in cancer therapy and imaging along with the potential for clinical applications and associated challenges. In conclusion, reversible therapeutic and diagnostic approaches offer promising avenues for precise cancer treatment and early diagnosis.