Hallucinogen use for both recreational and medical purposes is rapidly increasing globally, raising concerns about potential adverse effects. This study examined the risk of incident mania or bipolar disorder (BD) diagnosis associated with having an emergency department (ED) visit or hospitalization involving hallucinogens.

Exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) from wildfires is known to cause deaths and chronic diseases, but its effect on respiratory infections, especially in children and adolescents, is not well characterized. We aimed to comprehensively assess the association between short-term exposure to wildfire-related PM2.5 and the incidence and mortality of respiratory transmitted diseases in children and adolescents.

Since the inception of World AIDS Day in 1988, advances with antiretroviral drugs have revolutionized the landscape of HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention. In 2025, we reflect on progress made, highlight promising therapeutic developments, and look ahead to what is needed to end the AIDS epidemic.

Onco-hypertension recognizes well-controlled blood pressure as a favorable prognostic factor for survival in patients with hypertension and solid tumors, including hematologic neoplasms. However, it remains unknown whether continuous use of hydralazine-an antihypertensive agent (AHA) with notable anti-neoplastic activity-is associated with a lower risk of hematologic neoplasms compared to other AHAs.

Large open health datasets present unique opportunities for studies that when well-designed, conducted, and reported, can offer valuable contributions to health and medicine. However, recent years have seen a concerning proliferation of analyses lacking robust or novel findings. In this Editorial, we provide guidance to authors for conducting and reporting high-quality secondary analyses using these datasets.

Globally, maternal mortality is off track in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Over the past two decades, China has dramatically reduced maternal mortality in more developed (eastern) and less developed (western) regions. An understanding of the social and health system factors associated with maternal mortality in China may be helpful for countries attempting to meet the 2030 targets and beyond.

Interferon (IFN) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, its measurement in serum has been limited by low circulating levels that fall below the detection threshold of standard laboratory assays. In this study, we measured serum levels of IFN-alpha (IFN-α) and IFN-gamma (IFN-γ) using a novel ultrasensitive assay. We then aimed to analyze the relationship between these IFN levels and a broad spectrum of disease characteristics, including indices of disease activity and remission, and autoantibodies profiles.

Assisted dying and euthanasia (ADE) for patients with psychiatric disorders or dementia have increased in jurisdictions where the practice is legal. In this study, we examine trends in euthanasia cases involving patients with these conditions in Belgium, where the law makes a distinction based on whether a patient's death is not expected in the foreseeable future (>12 months)-a common situation in cases of dementia or psychiatric disorders.

There is growing evidence that access to joint replacement surgery is being restricted based on body mass index (BMI) despite any formal recommendations. Our aim was to investigate the association between BMI and patient outcomes after elective primary shoulder replacement surgery to inform future commissioning and national guidance.

Just as tuberculosis services were recovering after the COVID-19 pandemic disruptions, abrupt funding cuts by G7 nations are putting progress at risk. These trends, while perilous, also reveal a turning point toward a more equitable, resilient, and self-reliant TB response, led by high-burden countries.

Major fetal anomalies are an important cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. While routine second-trimester ultrasound screening around 20 weeks is the current standard, advances in imaging have enabled earlier anatomical assessment in the first trimester. Despite increasing practice of early screening in England, there is no national policy recommending first-trimester anatomical evaluation, and little is known about its impact on detection rates at population level. Our aim was to examine if different policies of fetal anatomical ultrasound practice have an impact on earlier diagnosis of major fetal anomalies.

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a global public health crisis. Evaluating intervention impact requires accurate estimates of how the AMR burden will change over time, given likely demographic shifts. This study aimed to provide an estimate of future AMR burden in Europe, investigating resistance variation by age and sex and the impact of interventions to achieve the proposed United Nations (UN) political declaration targets.

Recent research has examined factors contributing to the successful transition of middle-income countries away from international health aid. Three factors are especially important: effective leadership, using domestic resources to close the financing gap created by loss of aid, and realigning country systems to new sources of domestic funding.

Implant revision is an operation with exchange of implants, and is used as a standard outcome after total hip replacement (THR), but may not fully represent the patient experience after a THR. Major reoperation (hereafter referred to as 'reoperation') without revision of implants can also lead to increased patient morbidity and mortality, and most commonly occurs when the femur fractures around an implant (postoperative periprosthetic femoral fractures; POPFF) and is treated with fixation and the implant is left in place. Reliance on revision metrics that do not capture these reoperations has led to large-scale underreporting of reoperations in THR, and is likely to have affected implant performance estimates, which have guided national policy and implant selection. It is important to include these additional reoperations when estimating treatment success to guide innovation and clinical practice. We aimed to estimate the incidence of reoperation following primary THR.

Uncertainties persist regarding the precise shape of the smoking-outcome curves across various cardiovascular and mortality endpoints. This study aims to elucidate the relationships among smoking burden, intensity, and cessation duration across multiple cardiovascular outcomes.

In 2023, almost 200,000 children under 15 years died from tuberculosis, most without appropriate treatment. Treatment decision algorithms (TDAs), developed to facilitate rapid anti-tuberculosis treatment initiation in children, were recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2022, conditional on validation in different cohorts and settings. We performed a retrospective external evaluation of WHO TDAs using an individual participant dataset (IPD).

The Global Burden of Disease 2023 represents the most comprehensive iteration of its kind since first reported in 1993. Despite improved health monitoring, data acquisition, and analytical methods, its expansion creates new challenges and opportunities for improving its accuracy, completeness, external validity, and policy relevance.

Evidence on the diagnostic yield of genome-wide non-invasive prenatal testing (GW-NIPT) is growing, but its comparative clinical and economic impact as a first-tier screening strategy for fetal chromosomal abnormalities remains unassessed. We compared GW-NIPT with targeted NIPT and first-trimester combined testing (FCT), in a Dutch setting where all pregnancies also undergo a routine second-trimester anomaly ultrasound scan (scan), to guide policymakers on optimal prenatal screening approaches.

Adherence to colorectal cancer (CRC) screening remains suboptimal in many countries, reducing its cost-effectiveness. This study aimed to evaluate how multistage uptake rates influence the health benefit and cost-effectiveness of various CRC screening strategies in the Chinese population, incorporating both traditional and emerging screening methods.

Poverty alleviation is a major global development goal. Vaccines have the potential to provide financial risk protection (FRP) by preventing illnesses and associated healthcare costs. We estimate the lifetime FRP benefits generated by major vaccines among individuals vaccinated between 2000 and 2030 in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

The discovery of insulin transformed type 1 diabetes from an acutely lethal illness to a chronic disease that is managed with insulin dependence. Now, exciting developments in preventive treatments and stem cell-based therapies bring the prospects of arresting the disease and achieving insulin independence for type 1 diabetics closer to reality.