Interleaved TMS-fMRI has advanced understanding of network modulation but is limited to hemodynamic measures. We introduce a novel interleaved TMS-MRS platform, using standard MRI hardware, to assess real-time neurochemical changes and demonstrate feasibility in a clinical sample of patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD).

Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a rapidly advancing noninvasive energy delivery technology with the capacity to precisely modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) through acoustic waves. Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by profound TME immune suppression and treatment resistance and has emerged as a key subject to treatment with FUS therapy.

The use of photobiomodulation (PBM) to enhance brain health, specifically glymphatic drainage and thus neurotoxic waste clearance, may make it a promising therapeutic tool against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic region is an established therapy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Computational models of subthalamic DBS are commonly used in the clinical literature to estimate the brain connections activated by the stimulus. However, those analyses are typically performed with simplified DBS modeling methods. As subthalamic DBS research evolves, there is a need for more advanced modeling results.

Medication-refractory focal epilepsy creates a significant clinical challenge, with approximately 30 % of patients deemed ineligible for surgery due to involvement of eloquent cortical regions within the epileptogenic network. For these patients, electrical neuromodulation represents a promising alternative therapy. We investigated the potential of non-invasive temporal interference (TI) electrical stimulation in reducing epileptic biomarkers in patients with mesiotemporal epilepsy (MTLE) MATERIAL AND METHOD: Thirteen patients implanted with stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG) depth electrodes received TI stimulation with an amplitude modulation (AM) frequency of 130 Hz (Δf), delivered through either low-frequency (1 kHz + 1.13 kHz) or high-frequency (9 kHz + 9.13 kHz) carrier waves, specifically targeting the hippocampus-a common epileptic focus in MTLE. Intracerebral recordings before, during, and after TI stimulation were compared to recordings during sham stimulation at varying high-frequency (HF) carrier frequencies (1, 2, 5, and 9 kHz).

The nucleus reuniens (RE) is a midline thalamic nucleus interconnecting the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the hippocampus (HPC), structures known to be involved in aversive memory processes. Recent work indicates that the RE plays a critical role in the acquisition and retrieval of fear extinction memories. Functional inactivation of the RE impairs both mPFC-HPC coherence and extinction memory. Here we examine whether imposing theta activity on the RE entrains oscillations in the mPFC and HPC and facilitates extinction learning.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a widely used non-invasive brain stimulation technique, but the neural circuits activated by TMS remain poorly understood. Previous modeling approaches have been limited to either simplified point-neuron networks or isolated single-cell models that lack synaptic connectivity.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is increasingly used off-label for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), often applying protocols developed for depression. While prior studies suggest high-frequency TMS can improve PTSD symptoms, few have been adequately powered to compare protocols. We examined whether three common TMS protocols yield equivalent outcomes for PTSD in a large, multisite cohort of veterans.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique mainly used in humans, in which weak direct currents are applied over the scalp to alter cortical excitability and induce neuroplasticity. Previous studies have demonstrated the value of tDCS for modulating sensory, motor, and cognitive functions, nevertheless, knowledge about how externally applied electric fields affect different components of neuronal networks is still incomplete, and in vivo animal models, which are required for a deeper understanding, are not fully developed. To evaluate the impact of tDCS on cortical excitability, many human experiments assess motor evoked potentials elicited by motor cortex (M1) stimulation.