The liver-gut axis is a bidirectional communication system that integrates metabolic, immune, microbial, and nutritional signals which are critical to hepatic homeostasis. Disruption of this axis, through dysbiosis, altered intestinal barrier integrity, microbial translocation, and maladaptive immune activation, has become a central mechanism in the onset and progression of chronic liver diseases. Common pathways include changes in microbial composition and altered production of metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, ethanol, and trimethylamine N-oxide and activation of proinflammatory cascades via Toll-like receptors, NOD receptors, and inflammasomes. These alterations lead to steatosis, oxidative stress, fibrogenesis, and carcinogenesis. Notably, each liver disease presents distinct alterations. Beyond pathogenesis, modulation of the liver-gut axis has been shown to have therapeutic potential. Microbiota-targeted interventions, bile acid signaling modulators, and dietary and lifestyle strategies can restore microbial balance, strengthen the intestinal barrier, and attenuate liver injury. However, long-term safety, disease-specific efficacy, and integration with standard treatments remain key challenges. This review aims to provide an overview of the liver-gut axis. First, it describes its general regulatory mechanisms, then analyzes the specific alterations in the main chronic liver diseases and finally, it discusses the therapeutic implications of acting on this axis.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) has become a critical public health concern, representing the progressive form of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). MASH is characterized by hepatic steatosis, inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning, and fibrosis, which increase the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Closely linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome, MASH affects a significant proportion of the global population, requiring accurate diagnostic tools and tailored interventions. This manuscript delves into the current understanding of MASH, focusing on its pathophysiology, diagnostic challenges, and innovative non-invasive strategies. While liver biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis, its invasiveness and limitations have prompted the search for alternative approaches. Promising non-invasive techniques, such as elastography, MRI-based techniques, and serum biomarkers like cytokeratin-18, NIS4, and FAST scores, provide new ways to detect MASH and evaluate fibrosis severity. The updated MASLD criteria refine risk stratification further, capturing a broader range of at-risk individuals, including lean phenotypes. As MASH continues to strain healthcare systems worldwide, this review underscores the importance of advancing non-invasive diagnostics and integrating multi-omics approaches. Future research should focus on developing personalized strategies to halt disease progression, enhance early detection, and optimize patient outcomes.

Desloratadine, commonly used for allergy symptoms, has demonstrated its potential to increase survival rates in patients with breast cancer. This trial aimed to assess the efficacy of desloratadine in improving treatment response and inflammation markers during neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

The placenta is a transient organ essential for fetal development. Abnormal placental development can lead to obstetric syndromes, such as preeclampsia (PE) and fetal growth restriction (FGR). Physiological hypoxia activates intracellular pathways via hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs), which are crucial for placentation. This study uses an in vitro model to investigate the role of oxygen concentration in the expression of thrombomodulin (THBD), a protein involved in placental hemostasis.

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experience an accelerated decline in muscle strength, mass, and functional capacity, known as sarcopenia. The effects and relevant mechanisms of supplementing whey protein and vitamin D (whey-D) on sarcopenia are unclear.

Liver transplantation is a curative treatment for many patients with end-stage liver disease, acute liver failure, and primary liver cancer when certain criteria are met. The persistent imbalance between organ availability and the number of patients on the waiting list presents both ethical and medical challenges in everyday clinical practice. Expanding the donor pool-and consequently increasing the number of retrieved grafts-requires action on multiple levels. These include raising awareness about organ donation, promoting willingness to donate, and increasing knowledge of post-transplant outcomes among the general population and healthcare professionals. In addition, organ acceptance criteria should be refined by incorporating recent advances in transplant hepatology and surgery. The survival benefit achieved through liver transplantation is well established for many conditions. To further improve long-term outcomes, more tailored and refined surveillance protocols are needed for the metabolic and neoplastic comorbidities that commonly develop after transplantation. In this updated literature review, we aim to highlight the main advances in these two crucial areas of liver transplantation.

The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept is strongly supported by epidemiological and experimental data demonstrating that exposure to adverse conditions early in life can impact offspring health. Despite numerous studies showing the early and long-term impacts of maternal malnutrition on offspring, little research has been conducted on its effects on mothers.

Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune condition that is traditionally characterized by the presence of serologic markers and flattening of the duodenal villi. However, a rare variant of the disease known as seronegative celiac disease (SNCeD), is characterized by an absence of these diagnostic serologies. The current diagnostic approach to this condition relies on excluding alternative seronegative enteropathies and confirming a positive CeD HLA genotype followed by an extended gluten-free diet (GFD). However, this current diagnostic approach is burdensome and underscores the need for more succinct methods. Encouragingly there are multiple tests that are being investigated for CeD diagnosis that also could extend to SNCeD diagnosis such as intestinal IgA anti-TG2 deposits, HLA-DQ tetramer assays, microRNA, interleukin-2, and flow cytometry among others.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19 disease has the ability to generate sequelae that extend for weeks or months, giving rise to long-term COVID-19 disease. This condition reduces patients' quality of life and predisposes them to several alterations, including failures in the blood coagulation system. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated abnormalities in endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) of patients recovered from COVID-19.

Diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is generally regarded as dismal with poor prognosis due to advanced stage at presentation and limited treatment options. In the last years, treatment options for patients with pancreatic cancer, even in advanced stages of disease, improved. Beside tailored-approaches including chemotherapies in neo or adjuvant intention, new targets as well as vaccination has been implemented into therapeutic strategies. Additionally, embedded into individual treatment strategies, surgical approached were refined providing the potential chance for cure even in metastatic disease. The aim of this review article is to describe current and further treatment options for patients with pancreatic cancer showing promising results. However, more efforts are needed to further improve patients' prognosis.

To investigate whether clinical and biochemical profiles, including inflammatory mediators, differ between hyperandrogenemia and normoandrogenemia in normogonadotropic anovulation, and to analyze the correlations of selected variables with inflammatory activity.

Since the introduction of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis into the medical nomenclature, liver biopsy has been the best option for diagnosis, despite multiple limitations. Due to this inaccurate gold standard, there has been a need to develop non invasive testing for this disease to better diagnose and stage this condition. With the development of new terminology in 2020 of metabolic-dysfunction associated fatty liver disease providing a positive diagnostic criterion followed by metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease, there has been extensive work to transition existing biomarkers into these new conditions. Despite this, there remains current gaps in biomarker development to meet the needs of this condition, particularly in view of its worldwide increasing prevalence. In this narrative review, we summarise the current concepts of non-invasive testing, review the available biomarkers and their accuracy in steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis, and discuss future concepts of biomarker development.

Studies on the effects of ovarian stimulation on the embryo aneuploidy rate have shown conflicting results.

Phase angle (PA), a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)-assessable marker of sarcopenia, can accurately predict hospitalizations in advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD). PA has never been specifically investigated in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Sarcopenia is commonly observed in patients with MASLD, whereas individuals with compensated ACLD (cACLD)-MASLD progress more rapidly to decompensated ACLD (dACLD).

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) significantly impacts adolescents and young adults (15-49 years), yet there are limited comprehensive analyses of its burden in this age group. This study examines global, regional, and national trends in PUD epidemiology from 1990-2021.

To examine cervical cancer screening (CCS) coverage and follow-up before and after the introduction of the workplace Human Papilloma Virus self-sampling pilot program (HPV-SS-PP) for female factory workers in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico and to compare HPV-SS with conventional cervical cytology screening using the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear method.

Maternal malnutrition, including obesity, can have long-term adverse effects on offspring health, potentially mediated by epigenetic mechanisms such as microRNAs (miRNAs). These miRNAs play a critical role in regulating gene expression and may contribute to the developmental programming of offspring outcomes. This systematic review aimed to explore the association between maternal obesity during pregnancy and miRNA alterations in offspring, focusing on evidence from animal models. A comprehensive search of the Embase, PubMed, and Scopus databases identified 811 articles, 15 of which met the inclusion criteria. Our analysis revealed significant variability in the miRNAs and target tissues studied. Across the reviewed studies, 35 miRNAs were identified as differentially expressed in offspring exposed to maternal high-fat diet during pregnancy. These alterations were predominantly observed in the brain, liver, cardiac tissue, and adipose tissue, affecting processes related to insulin signaling, development and growth, immune response, and lipid metabolism. The observed miRNA alterations support the hypothesis that a maternal high-fat diet may induce a programmed epigenetic signature in offspring.

Drugs are considered pharmacogenetic (PGx) when genetic variants impact their efficacy, metabolism, or toxicity due to drug-gene interactions. This study aimed to elucidate PGx drug intake patterns in population samples.