This review provides a summary of recent literature concerning neurocognitive functioning (NCF) in patients with glioma, including developments in assessment and characterization of NCF impairment, understanding of etiologic contributors, and mitigation and intervention strategies.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a disabling condition associated with long term neurological impairment, functional disability, and reduced quality of life. Despite decades of research, pharmacological interventions with proven clinical efficacy remain limited. This review critically evaluates the current evidence supporting riluzole as a neuroprotective agent for acute traumatic and nontraumatic SCI. We synthesize findings from preclinical and clinical studies, assess the progress towards clinical translation, and outline key challenges and research opportunities for future implementation.

Rare gliomas, including circumscribed astrocytic, glioneuronal, and neuronal central nervous system (CNS) tumours, though collectively uncommon, present significant clinical challenges due to their heterogeneity and limited therapeutic evidence. Conventional management has relied predominantly on surgery and radiotherapy. Advances in molecular profiling have revealed actionable targets, prompting a timely reassessment of treatment paradigms. This review aims to describe current standard treatments and recent advances in molecularly targeted approaches for rare gliomas.

Patients with grade 2 and 3 meningioma have high recurrence rates and limited treatment options after failure of radiation and surgery. Recent advances in molecular profiling of these tumors have enabled the investigation of novel targeted therapeutic approaches.

In this review, we discuss electrical and optogenetic technologies for stimulating the spinal cord to improve movement after spinal cord injury (SCI).

Traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) is a devastating neurological emergency with high morbidity and no proven therapies that reliably improve recovery. While early decompression and hemodynamic optimization are standard, clinicians lack imaging tools to stratify injury severity or monitor physiological responses in real time. Advances in high-resolution B-mode, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and multiparametric approaches offer a unique opportunity to close this gap and improve patient-specific treatment strategies.

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for pain control and movement recovery have developed under parallel conceptual frameworks. SCS for pain has traditionally targeted the dorsal columns, while SCS for movement recovery has targeted the large-diameter afferent fibers near the dorsal root entry zone. We review the evidence to support these parallel mechanistic frameworks and explore potential mechanistic overlap between the two fields.

Recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) is variable, and the contribution of locomotor training to neurological and functional outcomes remains debated. This review summarizes post-SCI locomotor recovery patterns, compares training modalities, and presents recovery findings from the Kunming Locomotor Training (KLT) program, one of the largest reported series of patients with initial complete (AIS A) injuries.

Gliomas with mutations in the gene for isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) display a unique immune microenvironment that is distinct from IDH-wildtype gliomas. This unique immune microenvironment is shaped by 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), an oncometabolite produced by mutant IDH. These features provide an opportunity to develop and test targeted immunotherapies for IDH-mutant gliomas.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes profound gait impairment and autonomic dysfunction. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of supraspinal locomotor centers may strengthen spared descending motor and autonomic pathways to improve walking. Preclinical and clinical studies have targeted the cuneiform nucleus (CnF) and pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) and the lateral hypothalamus. To summarize recent progress in DBS as a strategy to facilitate locomotion with a particular focus on SCI.

Visualization of endolymphatic hydrops using MRI has become a cutting-edge method not only for diagnosing Meniere's disease but also for pathophysiological elucidation of the disease. Here, we review recent advances in imaging analysis of the inner ear in Meniere's disease, which could provide additional information over previous findings.

Although electroencephalography (EEG) is central to epilepsy diagnosis, its role in patients presenting with dizziness or balance disorders has historically been negligible. This review provides a timely synthesis of recent methodological and conceptual advances demonstrating how modern EEG analyses can probe cortical contributions to vestibular and balance function.

To discuss recent advances in imaging of the structural organization and functional connectivity of central vestibular disorders with various MRI techniques. Vestibular paroxysmia, in particular the characteristics of neurovascular cross-compression of the eighth nerve, serves as an example of the peripheral vestibular disorders.

Acute vertigo accounts for about 4% of emergency department visits in both the United States and Europe. Despite this frequency, the management of dizziness, vertigo, and balance disorders remains fragmented, with no established international care pathway. The acute vestibular syndrome (AVS) is particularly challenging, and timely recognition is essential to avoid potentially devastating outcomes. This review is timely, because misdiagnosis rates remain unacceptably high, especially for posterior circulation strokes presenting with dizziness.

To summarize recent advances in blood-based biomarkers for acute ischemic stroke relevant to diagnosis, etiological assessment, risk prediction, and outcome prognostication, and to outline future directions for clinical implementation.

Vestibular migraine (VM) is a prevalent yet underdiagnosed cause of vestibular symptoms, which overlaps with other vestibular and migraine-related conditions. This review focuses on detailed clinical phenomenology, alongside comorbidities, and the appraisal of emerging therapies.