The quality of drug clinical trials is crucial for authorizing new drugs and fostering innovations in clinical practice. This study aimed to report the status, trends, and factors of the quality of drug clinical trials in China.

Bailing Capsules (BLC) and Yong Chong Cao Capsules (YChCC) share similar medicinal components, but Yong Chong Cao benefit from more advanced cultivation and large-scale production. This study systematically compared their therapeutic effects in patients with mild-to-severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

This study aimed to describe the incidence, mortality, and disease burden of tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer (TBL) in both China and worldwide.

Hypokalemia is a prevalent complication following pituitary adenoma (PA) surgery, adversely impacting patient prognosis. Identifying predictors of early postoperative hypokalemia is crucial for managing patients effectively. This study aims to develop an interpretable predictive model to predict postoperative hypokalemia in patients with PA and recognizes individualized significant parameters contributing to the predictive outcomes, thereby facilitating early intervention.

Anlotinib, a multi-target small-molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, can inhibit tumor angiogenesis proliferation and remains underexplored in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Therefore, we aimed to analyze the efficacy and safety of anlotinib for MBC treatment in a real-world study.

To develop a core outcome set (COS) for clinical trials on post COVID-19 condition (PCC), that is, what, when, and how to measure PCC.

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) is a minimally invasive treatment for biliary diseases; however, postoperative biliary drainage can impair quality of life and cause complications. We developed a biodegradable blockage (BB) for tract embolization to replace drainage; this is the first study investigating this approach after PTCS.

Microsatellite instability (MSI) as a result of deficient deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mismatch repair (dMMR) is a key contributor to the development of tumors with a high mutation rate and cancer-specific neoantigens. dMMR identification can be beneficial for selection of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy-eligible patients. While multiple studies have focused on dMMR prevalence in colorectal cancer (CRC), fewer investigate the prevalence of dMMR in tumor types besides CRC, especially in Chinese patients. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of dMMR in China across five gastrointestinal and gynecological tumor types.

Systematic reviews on acupuncture for obesity report conflicting findings, and the certainty of this evidence remains unclear. This umbrella review appraises the evidence to identify which effects on body mass index (BMI) and body weight (BW) are supported by high-quality findings.

The hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system's two-way referral mechanism is crucial for optimizing medical resource allocation, with medical consortia significantly enhancing this process. It evaluates the implementation dynamics of two-way referral systems within China's medical consortia from 2019 to 2024, focusing on policy evolution, regional disparities, and stakeholder engagement. Despite a positive overall trend, referral rates remain low, with notable regional and institutional disparities. The implementation outcomes span various dimensions, including referral metrics, specific services, timing, and costs; however, these effects are inconsistent and warrant further investigation. The current evaluation index system is diverse but tends to prioritize quantity over quality. Additionally, awareness and satisfaction levels among medical personnel and patients regarding the two-way referral system are uneven and influenced by multiple factors. Currently, China's two-way referral system faces challenges, including low referral volumes, an inadequate evaluation framework, limited research perspectives, and insufficient motivation for stakeholder participation. Future efforts should focus on strengthening primary care infrastructure, enhancing resource collaboration, advancing health insurance reforms, refining the evaluation system, and fostering synergy between hierarchical diagnosis and treatment, the Healthy China strategy, and referral model innovation to advance the hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system. Recommendations emphasize strengthening primary care capacity, reforming insurance payment models, and leveraging digital health technologies to align with the "Healthy China 2030" strategic goals.

Integration of traditional Chinese and modern medicine (TCM-MM) aids rehabilitation of muscle strength among ischemic stroke (IS) survivors. However, it faces statistical challenges (e.g., multicollinearity, small sample) in the real-world setting. This study tried to provide an analytical framework for investigating linear causality with a retrospective small-sample case series.

Data from Hospital Information Systems are crucial components of real-world data, but concerns arise regarding the transparency of measurement time-points when directly utilizing for efficacy studies. The objective of the study was to analyze the distribution characteristics of time-points for laboratory test records from HIS.

China faces a significant burden of gastrointestinal tumors driven by socioeconomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Using GBD2021 data, this study analyses epidemiological trends and disease burden for six major gastrointestinal tumor cancers (esophagus, gastric, colorectum, liver, pancreas, gallbladder and biliary tract) in China (1990-2021).

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare has become increasingly widespread, showing significant potential in assisting with diagnosis and treatment. However, generative AI (GAI) models often produce "hallucinations"-plausible but factually incorrect or unsubstantiated outputs-that threaten clinical decision-making and patient safety. This article systematically analyzes the causes of hallucinations across data, training, and inference dimensions and proposes multi-dimensional strategies to mitigate them. Our findings reveal three critical conclusions: The technical optimization through knowledge graphs and multi-stage training significantly reduces hallucinations, while clinical integration through expert feedback loops and multidisciplinary workflows enhances output reliability. Additionally, implementing robust evaluation systems that combine adversarial testing and real-world validation substantially improves factual accuracy in clinical settings. These integrated strategies underscore the importance of harmonizing technical advancements with clinical governance to develop trustworthy, patient-centric AI systems.

Pediatric preoperative anxiety (PPA) is a prevalent condition that exhibits significant effects on the psychological and physiological status of children both preoperatively and postoperatively.

To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of adherence-enhancement strategies in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Climate change has intensified the prevalence of chronic diseases, particularly autoimmune diseases (ADs), which severely affect the health and labor market participation of the working-age population. While ADs are not typically fatal, their chronic nature and high disability rates lead to significant labor force attrition. This study explores the impact of ADs on the labor market, particularly in regions affected by climate change.

Several studies suggested that the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) had increased before individuals developed hyperhomocysteinemia. This study aimed to investigate the dose-response relationship between circulating homocysteine (Hcy) levels and the risk of CVD.