There are few studies that describe the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on HIV outcomes. We aimed to assess the viral adverse changes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in PLHIV.

For more than 15 years, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) and atovaquone-proguanil have been recommended as treatment of malaria in most nonendemic countries. However, new challenges have emerged that complicate the management of travelers with malaria, including the occurrence of artemisinin-related hemolysis and the increasing numbers of treatment failure possibly related to drug resistance.

Despite 70+ years of research, the etiology of bacterial vaginosis (BV), the most common vaginal infection, is unknown. Numerous studies suggest that BV-associated bacteria (BVAB) are sexually transmitted. Additionally, a recent male partner treatment trial found that the addition of combination oral and topical antimicrobial therapy for regular male sexual partners to treatment of women with BV resulted in a lower rate of recurrence at 12 weeks. However, unlike other common sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia and trichomoniasis, no sole infectious pathogen has been identified as the causative agent of BV. In addition, non-sexual factors (e.g. smoking, copper intrauterine device use, douching, and testosterone use) have been associated with an increased risk of BV in some studies. These findings underscore the complexity of BV pathogenesis and make it challenging to counsel patients on infection acquisition and prevention of recurrent disease.

 To evaluate 96-week virologic, immunologic, resistance and metabolic outcomes of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (BIC/FTC/TAF) in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve people living with HIV (PLWH).

Urogenital tuberculosis (UGT) is a common manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and can affect all organs of the urinary tract and male genital tract. The actual main problem of UGT is late diagnosis and a high prevalence of urogenital organ destruction. Little progress has been made in preventing the disease from progressing to more destructive forms. Knowledge diffusion of critical insights of UGT is the objective of this revision.

Despite improvements in the prevention of HIV mother-to-child transmission in recent years, the elimination of pediatric HIV remains elusive. Extended postnatal prophylaxis (ePNP) could be key to achieving this goal.

Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) represent a group of severe diseases caused by RNA viruses with high fatality rates, posing significant global health threats. These diseases are prioritized by the World Health Organization due to their epidemic potential, geographical restrictions, and limited therapeutic options.

Sepsis is a leading cause of death worldwide. Its lethality, along with the complexity of diagnosis and treatment, is worsened by rising antibiotic resistance. Managing sepsis and septic shock is challenging, as underlying conditions can limit the reliability of many biomarkers used for early diagnosis.

While antibiotic combination therapy remains a common clinical practice, its scientific foundation is fragile. The available evidence is fragmented, biased, and fails to capture the complexity of modern infectious disease scenarios. This perspective reinterprets the role of combination therapy through a critical lens, challenging current dogmas and proposing a pathogen-specific approach, focusing also on severe acute infections.

Intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) pose significant challenges to clinicians. The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms with evolving resistance patterns adds to the difficulty in managing IAIs.

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a severe complication of total joint arthroplasty and necessitates comprehensive strategies for prevention. One of the key features in infection prevention is the optimal selection of antimicrobial strategies.

Pegylated interferon alpha-2a (PEG-IFN) has been used off-label as chronic hepatitis delta (CHD) treatment since the 1990s. However, it has not received formal approval for this indication. Bulevirtide (BLV), a first-in-class entry inhibitor, is the first drug approved for the treatment of compensated CHD. Since its conditional approval in 2020, data from clinical trials and real-world studies have emerged. Literature search included PubMed (last accessed July 2025), European Medicines Agency official reports, and international conference abstract books.

HIV and hepatitis B continue to be global public health challenges. Each virus causes 1.2 million new infections annually. By 2025, roughly 40 million people live with HIV, and over 250 million have chronic hepatitis B.

Candidiasis comprises a spectrum of infections ranging from superficial mucosal to life-threatening systemic infections caused by the opportunistic yeast, , a genus containing several species of heterogeneous behavior and unique pathogenesis in the human host. is the most prevalent species. The aim of this review is to provide an update on pathogenesis, resistance and emerging therapeutic strategies in candidiasis, with a focus on .

Invasive fungal diseases (IFD) cause significant morbidity and mortality in children, who have unique risk factors like premature birth, genetic conditions, and immunodeficiencies. They also share adult risk factors, such as antineoplastic treatments and intensive care. This narrative review summarizes epidemiology and focus on diagnosis, and treatment of IFD in pediatric patients.

SARS-CoV-2 can have long-term health consequences that persist beyond acute infection. While this is evident in adults and the elderly, the impact on children and adolescents remains under recognized. Here we navigate the second-order post-acute effects that the COVID-19 has had on the pediatric populations, with the exception of the mental health implication of social restrictions.

Tuberculous meningitis is frequently associated with significant mortality and persistent neurological sequelae. Diagnosis is often delayed due to nonspecific symptoms and the low sensitivity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests. Standard pulmonary tuberculosis regimens are suboptimal for central nervous system involvement due to poor drug penetration and prolonged treatment. Emerging resistance, particularly to rifampicin and isoniazid, further complicates the management.

The community of microorganisms that colonize the intestine plays a vital role in regulating human metabolism and immune system function. According to translational medicine studies, administering antibiotics disrupts the balance of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal system, increasing the risk of multiple diseases. Dysregulation and reduction of the biodiversity of intestinal microbiota increase the risk of developing unhealthy conditions for the host. In this review, we tried to offer a current vision regarding the use of antibiotics and the modification of the intestinal microbiota.

There is a growing acknowledgment of the importance of stewardship initiatives in solid organ transplant given the increased potential for morbidity and mortality. Antiviral stewardship, particularly as it pertains to cytomegalovirus (CMV), has been most extensively studied.