To assess the diagnostic utility of low-dose 4D dynamic airways CT in children with stridor as a non-invasive modality compared to fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB).

Hemophilia A and hemophilia B are disorders of coagulation caused by deficiency of clotting factors VIII and IX respectively. Genes for both these factors are on X chromosome and are prototypes of X-linked recessive disorders, manifesting only in males. Taken together, they are one of the commonest monogenic disorders in the world and appear to be equally prevalent in India. Diagnosis and treatments have been available for decades and have evolved over time. The story of successful gene therapy is as important as the dramatic changes occurring in the quality of life of hemophilia patients in India with availability of coagulant factors free of cost with the support of government funds. New drugs like emicizumab, which is a long acting non-factor agent, has made prophylaxis easy with one subcutaneous injection per month; the patient can forget that he has hemophilia. Other novel drugs acting downstream of the factor VIII and IX in the coagulation cascade like antithrombin antibody and anti-tissue factor pathway inhibitor monoclonal antibody, have shown great promise in clinical trials. With approval to gene therapies for both, hemophilia A and B, the persons with hemophilia are going to have great choices of therapies on their platter. It is a happy time that these therapies are likely to be within reach of the patients in India; thanks to the patient support group and the will of the policy makers.

To assess the incidence of recurrent episodes of intussusception in children in southern and western India and identify risk factors associated with recurrence.

Interaction between the RB1 tumor suppressor and human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoproteins is established; however, the reported prevalence of HPV in retinoblastoma varies widely (0-82%). The authors hypothesized that maternal HPV infection contributes to non-familial retinoblastoma. A case-control study was conducted (2016-2020) at a single center. Cases included mothers of children with unilateral, non-familial retinoblastoma delivered vaginally; controls were mothers of unaffected children. Cervical smears were tested for HPV deoxyribonucleic acid by polymerase chain reaction, and subtypes were identified using the HPV Genoarray kit. Forty-two cases and 57 controls were enrolled. Both groups did not differ in age at marriage/first conception, or in residence; however, the cases were older (P = 0.05) and had a higher socioeconomic status (P = 0.02). High-risk HPV was detected in 11 (26.1%) cases and 13 (22.8%) controls (P = 0.69). The similar frequency of high-risk HPV in both groups does not support maternal HPV infection as an etiological factor for non-familial retinoblastoma.