Astragali Radix (Huangqi), a traditional Chinese medicine documented in Shennong Bencao Jing (ca. 200 AD), has been used for chronic liver disease. Total astragalus saponins (TAS), its primary bioactive component, exhibit anti-fibrotic effects. However, their potential synergy with stem cell therapy remains unexplored.

Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H. Chen, documented in the Compendium of Materia Medica, promotes blood circulation and removes stasis. Despite extensive research, the above-ground parts (stems and leaves) remain underutilized. The synergistic mechanism of the effects of hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) juice (SZ) on Panax notoginseng stem-leaf extract (SQ) to regulate sugar and lipid metabolism has not been reported.

Processed Aucklandiae Radix (Wei Mu Xiang in Chinese, WMX), a processed product of the root of Aucklandia lappa Decne., is traditionally used to consolidate intestines and relieve diarrhea. It is clinically applied for treating diarrhea and abdominal pain caused by spleen and stomach deficiency-cold, characterized by its warm nature without causing dryness and its efficacy in regulating spleen and stomach function. However, its therapeutic mechanism concerning gastrointestinal motility in functional dyspepsia (FD) remains unclear.

Acetaminophen (APAP), a widely used antipyretic and analgesic, frequently causes liver injury upon overdose. The fruit of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, known as Forsythiae Fructus, is a traditional Chinese medicine used to clear heat and toxic, remove lumps, and reduce swelling. Forsythiaside A (FTA), an important active ingredient in Forsythiae Fructus, has significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects. However, its protective mechanisms against acetaminophen-induced liver injury (AILI) remain unclear.

Xiao-Liu Tang (XLT), a formulation grounded in the Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory of Qi-Blood, has shown promise in alleviating endometriosis-related symptoms through clinical observations, with emerging evidence supporting its anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic properties. Endometriosis shares oncogenic pathological hallmarks with gynecological malignancies-including evasion of apoptosis, and invasive potential. Building on TCM's multi-target therapeutic paradigm and the mechanistic parallels between these conditions, we hypothesize that XLT may exert broad anti-neoplastic effects. This study investigates its efficacy and molecular mechanisms in cervical cancer model.

In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), diabetes falls under the category of "wasting-and-thirst disease". Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, a medicinal herb from the Liliaceae family, is renowned for its ability to nourish yin, alleviate dryness, promote fluid production, and relieve thirst. Its efficacy in addressing yin deficiency with internal heat and fluid depletion makes it a promising candidate for diabetes management. Among its bioactive compounds, Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce polysaccharides (POPs) play a crucial role in yin nourishment and blood sugar regulation. However, the incomplete structural characterization of these polysaccharides remains a major obstacle in advancing POPs research. Furthermore, studies on POPs' therapeutic mechanisms in hyperglycemia are still lacking.

Xiangsha Liujunzi Decoction (XS) is a classical formula traditionally employed to invigorate the spleen and treat digestive system disorders. Although XS has a therapeutic effect on chronic ulcerative colitis (UC) in clinical practice, the mechanism remains unclear.

Nelumbinis Receptaculum (NR) were hemostatic herbal medicines for treating metrorrhagia, hematuria or hemorrhoids in ethnopharmacological systems, such as Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicines.

Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction (SXD) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula widely used clinically for dermatitis due to its anti-inflammatory properties. However, the evidence for its therapeutic effect specifically in atopic dermatitis (AD) and the mechanisms underlying any such effects is lacking.

Yizhi Decoction (YZD) is used in clinical medicine for the treatment of pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Isoimperatorin (ISO) is a furanocoumarin from Angelica dahurica (Bai Zhi), traditionally used in TCM for respiratory complaints such as allergic asthma, sinusitis, and cough, with reported anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Its role in acute lung injury (ALI), however, remains insufficiently defined.

The Quyushengxin formula (QYSXF), a clinically validated traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, has been demonstrated to be safe and effective for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC), but its mechanism of action in UC treatment is still unclear.

Wuwei Ganlu is a Tibetan medicated-bath formula, and traditionally applied for limb stiffness, "yellow-water" effusion, and joint swelling. However, its efficacy against exercise-induced fatigue and mechanisms remain unclear.

Berberine (BBR), a compound widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, has been recognized for its therapeutic effects on chronic kidney disease (CKD), primarily by modulating the gut microbiota. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects.

Gramine, an indole alkaloid derived from Arundo donax L., holds ethnopharmacological significance in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for treating urinary disorders. These ethnomedical insights encourage scientific exploration of gramine's potential role in renal pathologies, particularly fibrosis associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), a steadily advancing condition impacting ∼850 million people globally, with understudied and inadequate therapies.

Zuogui Wan (ZGW), a classical kidney-nourishing and yin-tonifying TCM formula composed of multiple herbs, is clinically used to improve premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and perimenopausal symptoms. Compared to hormonal therapy, ZGW exhibits efficacy with fewer adverse effects, however, its impact on the intergenerational transmission of POI remains unclear.

The highly vascularized nature of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) underlies its high lethality. Xihuang pill (XHP), a renowned proprietary Chinese medicine, has arisen as a potential candidate for clinical GBM management. Nonetheless, its effects and mechanisms on glioma-associated endothelial cells (GECs), which are key components of angiogenesis, remain unexplored.

Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nakai is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of diseases such as tumors, diabetes, gout, and hepatitis. Viscum coloratum polysaccharide (VCP) is a major component of this TCM. however, its mechanism of action in hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN) remains unclear.

Qi deficiency liver cancer (QDLC) accounts for a high proportion of liver cancer patients and is an important aspect of traditional Chinese medicine research on liver cancer. Panax ginseng (PG) known as the king of herbs, has significant advantages in QDLC due to its unique Qi-replenishing properties. However, its potential pharmacodynamic components and mechanisms on QDLC are not fully understood.