Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is the most common monogenic autoinflammatory disease worldwide. In this work, we reviewed the clinical management of FMF in adults also considering the possible development of additional issues in the long-term.

Immunotherapies such as CAR T-cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed pediatric cancer treatment but are increasingly associated with severe central nervous system (CNS) immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which remain poorly understood in children.

In inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), human intestinal myofibroblasts (HIMF) gets activated due to chronic inflammation and start accumulating excessive extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM drives the significant clinical problem of intestinal fibrosis and stricture formation in Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC) patients that require surgical intervention in a large group of the population.

The tumor microenvironment is a dynamic and balanced internal environment that accompanies the whole process of tumor development, invasion, and metastasis. Immune checkpoint therapy, chimeric antigen receptor cell therapy, oncolytic virus therapy, and bispecific antibody therapy are the most anticipated immunotherapy methods. These therapies break the microenvironment conducive to tumor growth by regulating anti-tumor immunity. The underlying characteristics of the tumor immune microenvironment are the key scientific issues to break the bottleneck of solid tumor immunotherapy. With the rapid development and application of single-cell sequencing technology and spatial oncology technology, scientists have gradually recognized more complex details of cell-cell interaction in the tumor microenvironment.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by diastolic dysfunction, systemic comorbidities, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Emerging evidence suggests that immune dysregulation plays a central role in its pathophysiology. Both innate and adaptive immune responses contribute to myocardial remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, and comorbidity-driven inflammation that are hallmarks of HFpEF.

Alopecia areata (AA) is an immune-mediated non-scarring alopecia characterized by T lymphocytes attacking hair follicles (HFs), which has a seriously harmful impact on physical and mental health. The challenges in the treatment of AA lie in the recurrence after drug withdrawal and the treatment-resistant cases. Sequential immunotherapy may be able to address some of these issues.

T regulatory cells (Tregs) are key modulators of the immune system with dual roles. While protective against autoimmunity, Tregs can exhibit immunosuppressive capabilities, allowing the tumor to evade immune recognition and destruction, and favoring tumor progression. Targeting Tregs to reduce their immunosuppressive ability offers a promising strategy to boost anti-tumor immunity and improve cancer treatment outcomes.

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) has become standard treatment for patients with melanoma after the publication of a phase III trial showing an improvement of progression-free survival of metastatic melanoma patients treated with TIL-ACT compared to patients treated with the immune checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab. Recent clinical trials also tested TIL-ACT in patients with other immunogenic cancers including non-small cell lung cancer or cervical carcinomas.

In response to the clinical dilemma of insufficient immune treatment response rate for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), this study aims to analyze the regulatory mechanism of the TCF3/VEGFA axis on CD8 T cells' function.

The treatment of rheumatic diseases has dramatically changed thanks to the availability of novel drugs. Besides clinimetric indexes, there is a strong need for valid, rapid, and sensitive-to-change, possibly noninvasive, and low-cost instruments to accurately assess treatment outcomes and to select the target patient.Musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) has recently been shown to be able to respond to such needs. Indeed, it seems instrumental as a disease outcome measurement as it is capable to capture both the inflammatory state and the structural damage, allowing clinicians to accurately assess a patient's condition and make informed treatment choices.

Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is an autoinflammatory bone disease characterized by sterile bone inflammation. While monogenic causes are rare and typically present with early-onset, distinct skin or lytic bone lesions, the contribution of COX-pathway genes remains underexplored. TBXAS1 gene variants are classically associated with Ghosal hematodiaphyseal dysplasia (GHDD), which causes osteosclerosis and hematologic abnormalities.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids, immune cells, and fibrous components within the arterial wall. While traditionally considered a lipid-driven process, growing evidence suggests that immune mechanisms play a central role in all stages of atherogenesis.

Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a rare and chronic fibroinflammatory condition hallmarked by tumefactive lesions that can affect nearly any organ of the body and lead to fibrotic organ destruction. Parenchymal and non-parenchymal affection of the kidney and urogenital tract are subsumed under the umbrella term IgG4-related kidney disease (IgG4-RKD), which is a severe and quite common organ manifestation in IgG4-RD. The immunopathogenesis in IgG4-RD is depicted by a complex interplay of distinct B- and T-cell subsets, excessive antibody production, a unique cytokine environment and the development of exuberant fibrosis. Scientific advancements over the last two decades have fostered to explore a broad repertoire of pharmacological interventions starting from B-cell depleting agents and extending to modulators of T-cell co-stimulation.

Drug provocation tests (DPT) are considered the gold standard for diagnosing drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs)and can provide diagnostic clarity when other tests are limited. However, their use remains controversial due to safety concerns and lack of standardized test protocols.

Inborn errors of immunity with atopic phenotypes (IEIwA) represent a growing and complex subset of monogenic disorders that manifest primarily through severe and multifaceted allergic symptoms. These conditions bridge the fields of immunodeficiency and atopy, posing significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.

Difficult-to-treat psoriatic arthritis (D2T-PsA) is increasingly recognized as a complex clinical entity characterized by persistent disease burden despite multiple targeted therapies. Its identification is essential to improve patient outcomes and to guide the development of new therapeutic strategies.

Interleukin-17 (IL-17), a proinflammatory cytokine primarily produced by Th17 cells, plays a complex role in transplant immunology. Its involvement in graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and immune regulation following hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has garnered significant clinical interest, though findings remain inconsistent.

Sjögren's Disease (SjD) primarily affects exocrine glands, but some patients develop axial manifestations. This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of sacroiliitis in primary SjD and proposed a clinical risk score.

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune non-scarring hair loss that involves collapse of hair follicle immune privilege. Genetic susceptibility, environmental stressors, and aberrant interaction between dendritic cells, CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes, drives follicular destruction and disrupts hair cycling. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-15 and IFNγ, and downstream JAK-STAT pathway activation, are central to disease progression.

Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus associated with the development of various diseases. HTLV-1 contributes to the development of several disorders that mimic autoinflammation. The pathogenic processes that underlie the emergence of such auto-inflammation-like conditions following HTLV-1 infection remain a subject of ongoing scientific debate and investigation.

This study evaluated the potential diagnostic utility of pepsin, trypsin, and mucin 5B (MUC5B) in hearing impairment in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)-related chronic secretory OM (CSOM).