Deep brain stimulation reduces the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Dual target deep brain stimulation (DT DBS) may better reduce symptoms and minimize side effects than single target, but the optimal parameters of DT DBS are unknown.

1) To evaluate the importance of various EEG Phase Amplitude Couplings (PACs) in predicting motor vigor (MV) in Parkinson's Disease (PD). 2) To determine the effects of dopaminergic medication and non-invasive galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) on MV-related PACs.

Clinical cognitive and pathological marker stratification systems have evolved separately, causing mismatches that limit their clinical use. This study retrospectively validated the link between EEG and clinical symptoms, pathological markers, and the therapeutic efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).

Type II focal cortical dysplasias (FCDII) present a clear-cut anatomo-electro-clinical profile and are associated with optimal surgical outcome when completely resected. Alongside presurgical planning and neuroimaging, intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) can aid in delineating FCDII boundaries. We report outcomes from patients undergoing FCDII resection using 3D-ECoG with an intracerebral electrode guided by intraoperative ultrasound (ioUS).

In contrast to needle electromyography, the diagnostic performance of muscle ultrasound (MUS) for differentiating neurogenic from myopathic disorders remains unclear. We examined the clinical utility of "fascicular twitch," a visible movement of muscle bundles during isometric contraction, and evaluated its ability to differentiate neurogenic from myopathic changes.

To compare four novel methods - extrapolated norms (E-norms), extrapolated reference values (E-Ref), multivariable extrapolated reference values (MeRef) and mixture model clustering (MMC) - for obtaining reference limits for nerve conduction studies (NCS) from historical data containing both normal and abnormal studies.

This study aims to characterize sensory axonal changes in patients with non-painful and painful type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to explore the mechanisms underlying diabetic neuropathic pain in relation to pregabalin treatment.

To investigate whether post-movement beta rebound (PMBR), a proposed marker of cortical inhibition, reflects interhemispheric inhibition as measured by the ipsilateral silent period (iSP) following voluntary movement and to assess hemispheric asymmetries.

This chapter examines how emerging neurophysiological technologies are transforming the early and differential diagnosis of neurological disorders. While imaging and fluid biomarkers have greatly advanced the field, they remain limited by cost, invasiveness, and their inability to directly capture dynamic brain activity. Neurophysiological techniques, particularly transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and TMS combined with EEG, offer a unique, non-invasive means of probing cortical excitability, connectivity, and plasticity with millisecond precision. Recent technological and analytical breakthroughs are moving these approaches from research laboratories into clinical practice. By detecting subtle network dysfunctions that precede structural degeneration, they open the possibility of identifying disease in its prodromal or even presymptomatic stages, when interventions may be most effective. This chapter outlines the principles of advanced TMS paradigms and TMS-EEG and explores their application across a range of conditions, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, dementias, and movement disorders. It also highlights how integrating neurophysiological measures with blood-based biomarkers and computational tools, such as machine learning, can enhance diagnostic accuracy and guide individualized treatment strategies. Together, these innovations establish neurophysiology as a cornerstone of precision neurology, linking mechanistic insights to clinical decision-making and enabling earlier diagnosis, improved patient stratification, and more targeted therapeutic interventions.

To evaluate the feasibility and clinical relevance of intraoperative laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR) monitoring for detecting recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) dysfunction during anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF).

Functional Cervical Dystonia (FCD) is characterized by hyperkinetic movements resembling Cervical Dystonia (CD). Previous studies report impaired reactive inhibition in CD, reflected by prolonged optimum combination Stop Signal Reaction Time (ocSSRT). This study compared ocSSRT in FCD, CD, and healthy controls.

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI is a unique, noninvasive neuroimaging technique that enables high spatial resolution mapping of metabolic changes linked to EEG epileptic discharges in focal and generalized epilepsy, reflected through fMRI signals. It is increasingly recognized as a valuable tool in the presurgical evaluation of drug-resistant epilepsy, supporting the localization of epileptogenic zones, guiding electrode implantation, and informing surgical strategies and outcome prediction, while also revealing important insights into the networks involved in epileptic activity. Advances in artifact removal, automated spike detection, and statistical modeling have improved EEG-fMRI's data quality and clinical utility. It is particularly valuable in diagnostically challenging cases where standard EEG is not localizing, or MRI findings are negative. However, its routine clinical adoption is limited by the complexity of the procedure, the lack of standardized protocols, interpretation criteria, and broader validation across diverse epilepsy populations. This review highlights EEG-fMRI's evolving role in localizing epileptic discharges, emphasizing both methodological and clinical aspects. It covers the process from data acquisition through analysis to statistical interpretation and decision-making, with its application in distinguishing generalized from widespread activity, assessing thalamic involvement in focal epilepsy, evaluating status epilepticus, mapping blood oxygen-level dependent responses in relation to structural lesions, and supporting presurgical planning in complex cases, demonstrating its potential to improve diagnostic precision and treatment outcomes.

To investigate detailed alterations in brain electrical activity and their relationship with cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) using electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectrum analysis.

Essential tremor (ET) likely includes deficits outside tremor, though this is under-examined in youth. We tested the hypothesis that reaching movements in youth with ET are characterized by greater incoordination.

The aim of our study was to perform high-resolution nerve ultrasound in asymptomatic carriers of transthyretin (TTR) p.Glu89Gln (p.Glu109Gln) mutation and to evaluate its role as a complementary non-invasive diagnostic tool in early detection of amyloid deposits in peripheral nerves.

To assess the ability of routine electroencephalography (rEEG) to predict delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).

To assess the combined effect of high-definition transcranial random noise stimulation (HD-tRNS) of bilateral auditory cortex and acoustic stimulation (AS) on auditory evoked potentials and tinnitus perception.

Continuous EEG (cEEG) is increasingly used in the intensive care unit (ICU), but implementation and interpretation remain variable. To better understand its clinical impact, this review evaluates its role in diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment. To do so, we conducted a narrative review of observational studies, randomized controlled trials, consensus recommendations, and illustrative cases across adult and pediatric critical care populations. In these studies, nonconvulsive seizures occur in ∼10-20 % of ICU patients undergoing cEEG, most without clinical signs, and risk is highest in coma, pediatrics, with prior clinical seizures (recent or remote), and acute structural brain injury. Seizure burden > 12 min/hour (20 % burden) qualifies as status epilepticus (SE). Furthermore, higher seizure burden consistently predicts poor outcomes, including hippocampal injury, functional and cognitive impairment, epilepsy, and increased mortality. Additionally, rapid-response EEG and AI-based tools improve diagnostic efficiency, expand access, and may improve outcomes and length of stay. Quantitative EEG can reliably detect other acute brain events, such as delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage, usually sooner than any other practical method. In summary, cEEG has transformed seizure detection and outcome prediction in the ICU, though gaps persist in access, workforce capacity, interpretation, patient selection, and clinical implementation. Broader standardization, expansion of point-of-care rapid EEG devices, and AI integration are critical to scaling cEEG and improving patient outcomes.

The symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) is a clinically relevant and widely used measure of cognitive processing speed and efficiency in people with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS). The present pilot study identified neurophysiological processes that underly SDMT performance in people with MS (PwMS) compared to healthy controls (HC).