Chronic osteomyelitis remains a major challenge in orthopedic therapy. Developing a biodegradable, non-toxic material capable of providing sustained antibiotic release has emerged as a promising approach for localized antibiotic delivery in managing this condition. In this study, copper-tannic acid (CuTA) nanosheets were synthesized and employed as a coating material for vancomycin, resulting in the formation of vancomycin@CuTA (Van@CuTA) nanocomposites. The morphological and structural characterization of CuTA and Van@CuTA was performed using various techniques. The sustained release behavior of vancomycin, and in vitro effects of Van@CuTA on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) growth, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) viability, osteogenesis, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) angiogenesis were systematically investigated. A rabbit model of chronic osteomyelitis was established to assess the therapeutic effect of Van@CuTA, in combination with fibrin gel, in controlling infection, preventing bone destruction, and inhibiting the progression of chronic osteomyelitis. The characterization results confirmed the formation of Van@CuTA nanocomposites. In vitro experiments revealed that Van@CuTA enabled gradual vancomycin release, effectively suppressed MRSA growth, and demonstrated no toxicity to BMSCs. Furthermore, Van@CuTA significantly promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and improved angiogenesis in HUVEC. The in vivo studies demonstrated that Van@CuTA coated with fibrin gel ameliorated the appearance of local infection, reduced bone structural damage, and diminished inflammatory infiltration within the bone marrow in the rabbit model of chronic osteomyelitis. Current findings indicated that CuTA nanosheets served as a promising in-situ antibiotic carrier for sustained release in chronic osteomyelitis treatment. Van@CuTA demonstrated improved antibacterial properties, enabled sustained vancomycin release, and promoted both osteogenesis and angiogenesis, leading to its preliminary therapeutic efficacy in rabbit models of chronic osteomyelitis and strong potential for clinical application in osteomyelitis treatment.

This study investigated the impact of particle size refinement on the hydration rate, permeability, and antimicrobial properties of tricalcium silicate (CS) in root canal applications. Four CS pastes with varying particle sizes were prepared and evaluated. Hydration experiments indicated that finer particles accelerated the early hydration rate, though agglomeration effects influenced the long-term behavior. Permeability assessments using simulated body fluid and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that smaller particles achieved significantly greater penetration depth and area into dentinal tubules. Antimicrobial tests against Enterococcus faecalis demonstrated that the 0.4 μm CS group exhibited superior bactericidal efficacy, with a notable improvement in penetration and antibacterial activity compared to the 12.8 μm group. These findings suggest that particle size reduction enhances the functional performance of CS-based sealers in endodontic therapy.

Biomaterials based on carbohydrate polymers, particularly modified polysaccharides, are gaining attention for cancer treatment due to their diverse properties and performance in clinical applications. While research on polysaccharides like chitosan and alginate is abundant, studies on chemically functionalized derivatives are limited. These derivatives, such as fucoidan, sulfated polysaccharides from brown seaweeds, offer minimal side effects and suitable drug release profiles. Fucoidan exhibits various biological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, making it a promising candidate for cancer diagnosis and therapy. This review is the first to comprehensively explore the applications of fucoidan in combating cancer, focusing on its ability to inhibit tumor growth, induce cell death, and modify the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, the review discusses nanostructured chemically modified fucoidan-based biomaterials, which show potential for hydrogel engineering and enhanced drug delivery systems. These advancements highlight the significance of chemical modifications and mechanistic insights into targeted drug delivery and controlled release rates. Incorporating fucoidan into nanocarriers improves its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and structural stability, facilitating surface modifications that enhance targeting efficiency and therapeutic efficacy. This integrated approach of combining fucoidan's natural properties with nanotechnology presents innovative therapeutic opportunities for cancer treatment, aiming to improve patient outcomes while minimizing side effects.

Melanoma is an aggressive malignancy that requires novel treatment strategies. Herein, we developed a multi-walled carbon nanotube-based nanoplatform (MWCNTs/HSA-DOX) co-loaded with human serum albumin and doxorubicin for combinatorial therapy. The nanocomplexes served as highly effective photothermal agents, elevating the temperature to 52.8 °C upon NIR irradiation, and also displayed pH-sensitive drug release. In vitro studies against B16F10 melanoma cells demonstrated potent synergistic effects: the system achieved significant cell killing (viability <50% at 50 μg/mL) and promoted marked apoptosis, as evidenced by the profound upregulation of key pro-apoptotic proteins (caspase-3: 1.85-fold; Bax: 2.26-fold) and downregulation of Bcl-2 (0.44-fold). Our work highlights MWCNTs/HSA-DOX as a promising nanomedicine that successfully integrates photothermal ablation with controlled chemotherapy to trigger enhanced apoptotic death in melanoma cells.

The major loss of cardiomyocytes caused by several cardiovascular diseases as myocardial infarction, increases the incidence of heart failure. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapies that can enhance angiogenesis and decrease the rate of cardiac cell apoptosis. The use of nanoparticles that can passively target infarcted myocardium can be appealing. Icariin is a natural product with various cardioprotective properties that can be encapsulated within nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to enhance its therapeutic effect. Incorporating bioactive excipients such as omega-3 oils and bromelain into the NLC formulation can potentiate its cardioreparative effects. Therefore, the use of such nanoformulation can be an attractive option to minimize cardiac damage. Optimized bromelain-coated and uncoated NLCs loaded with icariin were successfully developed, demonstrating efficient bromelain surface modification, high drug entrapment, and a favorable release profile. In vitro experiments using doxorubicin (DOX)-treated H9c2 cardiomyocytes highlighted the superior cellular uptake of NLCs compared to the free solution. Notably, pretreatment with optimized bromelain-coated and uncoated icariin-loaded NLCs significantly improved cell viability and reduced apoptotic rates, indicating their potential role in cardioprotection. The therapeutic effect of NLCs was markedly enhanced relative to free icariin, demonstrating the added value of nano-formulation. Combination index (CI) analysis using Compusyn further verified the synergistic interaction between nano-formulated icariin and bioactive excipients, enabling improved therapeutic outcomes with lower effective doses. These findings highlight the potential of NLC-based delivery systems in counteracting doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, supporting further preclinical studies for clinical translation.

Mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) have potential applications in bone tissue regeneration around tooth implant and local drug delivery. Small amounts of zinc added to their composition could additionally provide antibacterial and ossteoinductive and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, zinc-containing mesoporous bioactive glasses (5ZnO-25CaO-70SiO₂) were synthesised using three modified surfactant-assisted sol-gel methods: dilute water (MZ1), Stöber (MZ2), and microemulsion-assisted (MZ3). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that MZ1 and MZ3 were amorphous, while MZ2 exhibited a ZnO crystalline phase. The synthesised particles showed uniform morphology with sizes ranging from 10 to 500 nm. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis revealed that MZ1 had the highest specific surface area (726 m²/g), approximately 4.1 times higher than MZ3 (176 m²/g). Haemolysis testing showed that MZ1 and MZ2 were non-haemolytic, whereas MZ3 caused lysis of erythrocytes. All samples were biocompatible with periodontal ligament fibroblasts, maintaining cell viability above 80% after three days of incubation. Antibacterial assays indicated that MZ2 exhibited over 60% inhibition of P. intermedia in a dose-dependent manner, but only ~20% inhibition of P. gingivalis. MZ2 demonstrated a bacteriostatic effect and was most effective in reducing anaerobic bacterial populations among all tested groups. These results highlight the potential of Zn-containing mesoporous bioactive glasses as multifunctional biomaterials for periodontal tissue engineering, suitable for such applications as scaffolds, bone cements, bone-filling granules, and antibacterial implant coatings. Furthermore, MZ2 material due to its antimicrobial properties, can potentially be a material of choice in periodontitis/peri-implantitis therapy applications.

The need to improve biocompatibility and to ensure successful integration of biologically compatible metals or bio-metals with biological tissues has resulted in the development and creation of engineered surfaces as biomaterials for use as implants and bio-medical devices. Through laser surface texturing, precise control over surface micro-topography, and microstructure pattern can be achieved, that optimize and enhance cellular adhesion, growth and differentiation-key factors that prevent implant rejection and improve device functionality and performance. This study investigates nanosecond-pulsed, laser-engineered surface texturing on stainless steel, titanium, and cobalt-chromium alloys, particularly for use in biocompatible implants. Coupons of each material were textured using uniform laser parameters, resulting in engineered surfaces with distinct and defined peaks and valleys, creating micro-topographies influenced by the Gaussian profile of the laser, as analyzed via SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and optical profilometry. Surface analysis showed that engineered textures on stainless steel demonstrate high uniformity with surface roughness measured to be 0.897 μm (R), facilitating better cellular adhesion, an essential feature for implant integration. This was confirmed via water contact angle test that showed a moderately hydrophilic surface showing consistent behavior (mean Water Contact Angle (WCA)) close to 71.1°, variance 0.17). Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) indicated minimal surface oxidation across all samples, consistent with processing under an inert gas environment. Additionally, a computational model was created to verify and validate the "experimental surface-textured" profiles of each of the materials within a 5% margin, confirming the accuracy and reproducibility of the laser-processing technique. The uniform micro-scale surface topography and preserved surface chemistry of SS316L show that it promotes cell-adhesion and enhanced potential for biomedical implant applications compared to Co-Cr and Ti-6Al-4V.

Metal oxide nanomaterials play a central role in biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties. In particular, various treatment methods such as drug delivery, hyperthermia therapy, radiation, and chemotherapy are used for the treatment of carcinoma. Current studies prefer to investigate the anticancer activity of nickel oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a green synthesis approach. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to investigate the cubic crystalline structure and crystallite size varies from 11.08 nm to 12.88 nm due to increased calcination temperature. The crystallite size has a significant impact on the cytotoxicity and toxicity of nanoparticles; smaller crystal sizes frequently result in higher toxicity, because of their larger surface area to volume ratio. The MTT (Tetrazolium salts) assay was performed to test the cytotoxicity of NiO nanoparticles (NPs) against HepG2 cell line. After that, machine learning was applied to connect the biomedical field with artificial intelligence. It can be seen from the results that the NiO NPs that were calcinated at 600 °C gave the average cell viability <40%. At last, the machine learning approach was used to calculate the cytotoxicity of NiO NPs and decision tree was generated by using Google Colab. A correlation matrix was generated using a machine learning approach, providing insights into the interdependence among all parameters.

This study introduces a novel hybrid additive manufacturing (AM) approach that integrates a surface coating process directly into the AM workflow. By incorporating a vacuum arc plasma source into a Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) system, we combine the design freedom and scalability of 3D printing with the ability to biofunctionalize the printed polymer part in a single fabrication step. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is widely used in biomedical engineering due to its excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and radiolucency. However, its bioinert nature poses challenges for infection prevention and bone integration. This study aims to evaluate the coatings produced by this integrated process on a PEEK substrate specifically in a biomedical context, focusing on their antimicrobial performance and cytocompatibility. The results show that zinc (Zn) is the most effective antimicrobial agent among the tested coatings (Ag₂O, Cu, and Zn), achieving a reduction in bacterial adhesion of over 4 log. Moreover, TiO₂/Zn composite coatings exhibit strong antimicrobial activity while maintaining good cytocompatibility with fibroblastic cells in vitro. Qualitative imaging also indicates improved osteoblast attachment on surfaces coated with TiO₂ and TiO₂/Zn. This hybrid manufacturing platform enables the production of implants with tailored structural and biological properties in a single step, representing a significant advancement in the development of next-generation medical implants.

The objective of this study was to assess the friction reduction and antibacterial properties of orthodontic brackets and wires coated with ZnO-doped HAP nanoparticles. ZnO-doped HAP nanoparticles were characterized with SEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis. After characterization, ZnO-doped HAP nanoparticles were coated onto orthodontic brackets and wires employing the dip coating method. The samples were then divided into four groups, control group Z0 (uncoated wires and brackets, and HAP only) and experimental group Z5(5%ZnO+HAP), Z10 (10% ZnO+HAP), Z15 (15% ZnO+HAP). The prepared samples were then subjected to mechanical and antibacterial testing. Mechanical properties such as friction resistance and microhardness improved with the coating of ZnO-HAP nanoparticles. The lowest friction was observed for the Z15 group (7.81 ± 1.10 N) while the highest was observed for the control group Z0 (21.25 ± 0.92 N). Friction force decreased with coating and with increasing concentration of ZnO nanoparticles in the composites in the order of Z0 > Z5 > Z10 > Z15. Microhardness of the brackets and wires improved with the coating, with the highest microhardness values observed for groups Z10 and Z15 of 2253 ± 93.7 and 2239 ± 123.1, respectively. The hardness of the wires also improved with the coating with the lowest value observed for the uncoated Z0 (351 ± 45.17). Agar well diffusion test showed an inhibition zone of 11.3 ± 0.57 mm, 15.3 ± 0.57 mm, 14.6 ± 1.15 mm, and 15.1 ± 1.14 mm for Z0, Z5, Z10 and Z15, respectively. The result of this study showed that zinc oxide-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticle coating improved the mechanical and antibacterial properties of orthodontic brackets and wires.

Biodegradable zinc-based alloys are promising candidates as a new generation implant materials due to their favorable degradation rates compared to magnesium and iron. However, their relatively low mechanical strength hinders their clinical usage. In this experimental study, Zn-3Mg/xSnS (x = 0.5-6 wt%) composites were manufactured via powder metallurgy. The performance of the obtained samples was systematically investigated via microstructural analysis (SEM), mechanical properties (compressive yield strength, elastic modulus, and hardness), in vitro degradation, and cytocompatibility with L929 fibroblast cells. According to the obtained results, SnS reinforcement significantly improved mechanical performance. Microstructural investigation revealed homogeneous SnS distribution and refinement of intermetallic phases. Among all the sample groups, Zn-3Mg-2SnS resulted in a compressive yield strength of 402 MPa, elastic modulus of 49 GPa, and hardness of 151 HV. Degradation tests were performed for 28 days, and the samples exhibited a moderate corrosion rate ( ~ 0.2 mm/year). Cytotoxicity assays confirmed >70% cell viability at 50% extract concentrations. These results show that Zn-3Mg alloys can be efficiently reinforced with bio-derived SnS particles, improving their strength and biocompatibility without decreasing their degradation performance.

Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a natural polyphenol, has garnered significant attention in oncology for its multifaceted antitumor mechanisms, including apoptosis induction, angiogenesis suppression, and immunomodulation. Despite its therapeutic potential, clinical translation remains constrained by pharmacokinetic limitations such as rapid metabolism, poor aqueous solubility, and low bioavailability. Recent advancements in biomaterial-based co-delivery systems have emerged as a transformative strategy to circumvent these challenges while amplifying tumor-specific cytotoxicity. By integrating resveratrol with chemotherapeutics, photothermal agents, metal complexes, or covalent organic frameworks (COFs), these systems synergistically enhance therapeutic efficacy through improved drug stability, targeted delivery, and stimuli-responsive release. Furthermore, multifunctional platforms combining photothermal ablation, ROS modulation, and immunotherapy exhibit promise in overcoming multidrug resistance and reprogramming immunosuppressive microenvironments. However, critical gaps persist in understanding structure-activity relationships, long-term biosafety profiles, and clinical scalability. This review comprehensively summarizes the current progress in resveratrol co-delivery systems, emphasizing their mechanisms, preclinical outcomes, and technological innovations. Future directions should prioritize interdisciplinary approaches, including AI-driven nanomaterial design, pharmacogenomic stratification, and biomarker-driven clinical trials, to bridge the gap between preclinical promise and therapeutic reality. By harmonizing resveratrol's phytochemical efficacy with advanced biomaterial engineering, these co-delivery systems hold transformative potential for precision oncology.

The aim of this study was to systematically compare standard detergents for the generation of Decellularization Vascular Grafts (DVG) in terms of their influence on vascular key characteristics. The most common enzymatic and chemical detergents for decellularization were identified from literature, standardized and included: i) Trypsin, ii) Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS)- and iii) Triton X-100. All protocols were applied to porcine vessels and the manufactured DVG were analyzed for histological, ultrastructural morphology and biomechanical characteristics. Further, DVG were seeded with Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) and cultured in a bioreactor to investigate biocompatibility after decellularization. Anti-Coagulation properties were assessed by the Chandler Loop model and a platelet-activation-assay. The Trypsin and SDS treatment were the most effective protocols in terms of tissue clearance but both impaired the ultrastructural integrity of the vessel wall in contrast to the Triton X-100 treatment. Moreover, biomechanical characteristics in the test stand did not differ significantly across the applied protocols but treatment of DVG with Trypsin was associated with a reduced Young's modulus and injuries in the vessel wall in a pulsatil flow model after 30 d. Moreover, coagulation was decreased in the Trypsin-treated group and was slightly increased in the SDS group but no significant difference towards the control group was noted. DVG after Triton X-100 treatment were the only ones capable for successful cell seeding. The here presented experimental data emphasized the main advantages and disadvantages of the most common enzymatic and chemical detergents for the manufacturing of DVG.

In this study, we report the biogenic synthesis of ZnO-CuO nanocomposites (NCPs) utilizing Mentha longifolia leaf extract as both a reducing and capping candidate. The synthesis process was optimized utilizing the Plackett-Burman statistical design, achieving a maximum yield of 22.18 mg/mL under controlled conditions. The resulting ZnO-CuO NCPs exhibited a crystalline structure with an average particle size of 26.61 nm, as analyzed by XRD, TEM, and SEM approaches. FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated the presence of bioactive phytoconstituents, such as phenolic derivatives and alkaloids, which stabilized the nanocomposites. The ZnO-CuO NCPs demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 180.47 µg/mL. In anticancer evaluations, the ZnO-CuO NCPs exhibited selective cytotoxicity against A549 (lung), HepG2 (liver), and MDA (breast) cancer cell lines, with selectivity indices (SI) of 4.88, 25.19, and 46.32, respectively. Apoptosis induction was confirmed through nuclear staining and morphological analysis. Additionally, the ZnO-CuO NCPs showed promising antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) (IC = 9.29 µg/mL, SI = 63.24) and Adenovirus-7 (IC = 25.88 µg/mL, SI = 22.66), suggesting potential mechanisms involving viral replication inhibition. Molecular docking studies further supported the anticancer potential of the ZnO-CuO NCPs, revealing strong interactions with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Bcl-2-associated protein x (Bax), key regulators of angiogenesis and apoptosis. These findings highlight the multifunctional therapeutic potential of plant-mediated ZnO-CuO NCPs, offering a sustainable and effective strategy for addressing antimicrobial resistance, cancer, and viral infections, with promising implications for future biomedical applications.

Chronic wound treatment presents a significant challenge, requiring bioactive scaffolds that facilitate effective wound repair and promote skin regeneration with normal functionality. In this study, gellan gum (GG) networks were formed via physical crosslinking with divalent cations, while silk sericin (SS), as the linear phase, molecularly penetrated the pore volume of the GG network, resulting in the formation of semi-interpenetrating polymeric networks (semi-IPNs). The GG/SS scaffolds were enriched with betel leaf extract-encapsulated β-cyclodextrin complexes (B-ICs) to preserve the bioactive substance, improve the controlled release, and provide antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Characterization through XRD, FTIR, and thermal analyses confirmed successful encapsulation and enhanced thermal stability, while SEM imaging revealed well-formed microporous structures. Mechanical testing showed that B-ICs significantly improved the compressive modulus and strength of the scaffolds. Additionally, the controlled release behavior of the B-ICs-GG/SS scaffolds, confirmed by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, suggested anomalous transport as the release mechanism, aligning with the faster in vitro degradation rate. The scaffolds exhibited high phenolic content, resulting in excellent free radical scavenging activity to minimize oxidative stress and support an optimal wound healing environment. In vivo skin irritation test in rabbits confirmed that B-ICs-GG/SS scaffolds were non-irritant, suggesting the dermal safety and biocompatibility of the materials, a critical requirement for clinical translation. As a result, the B-ICs-GG/SS scaffolds would be a promising candidate for wound healing and tissue engineering applications.

Osteoporosis, osteomyelitis disease, bone tumors, bacterial infections, and accidents are posing a great challenge in the orthopedic field. For decades, autograft and allograft transplant techniques have been considered gold-standard treatments for bone problems. Given these limitations and increased medical demand for bone substitute material, the orthopedic field has sparked rapid interest in building safe and biocompatible materials. In search of alternatives, biomaterials such as bioactive glasses, hydroxyapatite (HAp), calcium silicate, β-tricalcium phosphate, etc., offer new insights for bone regeneration. In particular, HAp [Ca(PO)(OH)] has drawn considerable attention because the bone has HAp as a major inorganic component. In addition, HAp has bioactivity, biocompatibility, and osteointegration properties. Further, to enhance the biological properties of the HAp, it has been modified to a nanoscale level and named nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp). The nHAp has a larger surface area, which helps to facilitate drug loading, gene delivery, and fast recovery of injured bone. Thus, the present review spotlights a brief introduction to HAp and nHAp, their history, basic properties, synthesis methods, and composites with metals, polymers, ceramics, growth factors, etc., for bone tissue engineering applications.

Advances in bone tissue engineering and dental regenerative medicine have made strides in the development of several biomaterials. Optimizing the chemical and physical milieu of scaffold is required to induce osteogenesis for faster bone regeneration. In this study, polymer blend of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) doped with nHAP-ZnO Np was prepared by a solution casting technique. Structural and physiochemical characterization was performed. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis was performed through tetrazolium-based assay (MTT) assay and the differentiated cells were subjected to alkaline phosphatase assay (ALP) and alizarin red S (ARS) analysis respectively. Scanning Electron microscopic (SEM) analysis showed a rough and uniform matrix arrangement of the PVA-PVP blend. Crystallites properties and functional groups was confirmed by X ray diffractometer (XRD) analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) respectively. The optimal water absorption capacity was observed in PVA-PVP-nHAP-ZnO Np scaffold (P3) and also degradation pattern was analysed for PVA-PVP (P1), PVA-PVP-nHAP (P2) and PVA-PVP-nHAP-ZnO Np (P3) scaffolds where P3 scaffold holds high stability compared to P1 and P2 scaffolds. In the thermal stability analysis, PVA-PVP (P1) and PVA-PVP-nHAP-ZnO Np (P3) scaffolds showed an overall stability up to 270 °C. Highly miscible blends of PVA-PVP and 1 wt% nHAP - ZnO Np was observed with semi-crystallinity in Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The mechanical property of the PVA-PVP-nHAP-ZnO Np (P3) scaffold has shown an increasing trend in tensile strength analysis. The cytotoxic study of scaffolds showed 84% of cell viability confirming high biocompatibility than compared to plain scaffold. the elevated level of ALP and calcium deposition was observed in loaded scaffold (P3). Thus, PVA-PVP-nHAP-ZnO Np (P3) scaffold supports and induces osteogenesis and can be used as biomaterial in bone regenerative medicine.

The development of durable and biocompatible implant materials remains a critical challenge in the field of biomedical engineering, particularly for dental and orthopedic applications. In this study, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings with varying molar percentages were deposited on Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrates using the plasma spraying technique. Structural analysis via X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the presence of both transformable and non-transformable phases, with the latter offering enhanced phase stability advantageous for biomedical use. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the cross-sectional morphology revealed that the 5 M% YSZ coating exhibited uniform thickness, low porosity, and absence of cracks, indicating good coating integrity. In vitro hemocompatibility tests with human blood demonstrated a hemolytic ratio below 5%, meeting the threshold for non-hemolytic biomaterials. Antibacterial assays showed notable inhibition against Escherichia coli, with moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Cytocompatibility was evaluated using MG-63 osteoblast-like cells, where the 5 M% YSZ composite exhibited non-toxic behavior up to 250 µg/mL after 24 h of exposure. Mechanical testing further confirmed the coating's properties under simulated physiological conditions. These findings suggest that 5 M% YSZ plasma-sprayed coatings present a promising candidate for long-term dental and orthopedic implant applications, owing to their favorable mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties.

The development of small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs) remains a significant challenge and unsolved problem due to issues with compliance mismatch, thrombosis, and graft failure. This study explores electrospun blended scaffolds made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyurethane (PU), both Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved polymers, as potential candidates for small-diameter vascular applications. Nanofibrous scaffolds composed of blended PET and PU were fabricated using the electrospinning method. The morphological and chemical properties of the scaffolds were characterized by FE-SEM, porosity measurement, FTIR, and DSC. Comprehensive mechanical evaluations, including tensile strength, burst pressure, and compliance, were performed. Biocompatibility was assessed by examining cellular adhesion, proliferation, and viability on the scaffolds. For in vivo evaluation, the electrospun scaffolds were subcutaneously implanted in rats. The PET/PU blended scaffolds exhibited excellent physicochemical compatibility, with mechanical properties within the range of native small-diameter blood vessels (SDBVs). Burst pressure and compliance evaluations demonstrated the ability of the PET/PU blend to mitigate the compliance mismatch commonly observed in synthetic grafts. Additionally, the scaffolds supported strong human cell adhesion, proliferation, and high cell viability, indicating good biocompatibility. No signs of necrosis, calcification, severe fibrosis, inflammation, or foreign body granulomatous reaction were observed following subcutaneous implantation of the scaffolds. Electrospun PET/PU scaffolds offer promising mechanical and biocompatible properties for SDVGs applications. The ability to address compliance mismatch, combined with excellent cellular support, positions these scaffolds as a strong candidate for clinical use. However, further preclinical and clinical studies are necessary to validate their long-term safety, performance, and commercial viability.

Diabetic wound healing remains a significant clinical challenge, characterized by a protracted and uncertain prognosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), functioning as natural carriers released by living cells, play a pivotal role in intercellular communications by delivering diverse bioactive cargo. In recent years, plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) have garnered increasing attention due to their inherent biocompatibility, safety, low immunogenicity, and abundant source availability. PDEVs are regarded as a highly promising cell-free therapeutic strategy for diabetic wound healing. This review systematically summarizes the research progress on PDEVs biogenesis, physiological functions and their underlying mechanisms, and isolation/characterization methodologies. Specifically, we explore the potential of PDEVs as drug delivery vehicles and discuss engineering strategies for their modification. Finally, we provide a critical analysis of the potential challenges associated with translating PDEVs into cell-free therapeutics for diabetic wounds and offer perspectives on future research directions.