Unpaid caregiving can negatively impact well-being, but not all caregivers are affected equally. We explored factors associated with unpaid caregivers' health and financial outcomes.

Cross-sectionally measured health disparities are well documented among sexual minority (lesbian, gay, bisexual) Canadian adults, yet the timing of these disparities is not understood, especially in harder-to-reach older adult populations. We estimated the prevalence and incidence of health and health-related outcomes over 6 years of follow-up in an older sample of Canadian adults.

Climate change in Canada has expanded suitable habitats for both native and invasive mosquitoes, heightening the need for more robust and adaptable surveillance systems. Traditional surveillance methods face significant logistical and geographical challenges, particularly in remote or underserved areas, emphasizing the importance of innovative strategies that complement existing approaches.

Increasing evidence suggests that public health systems governance should focus on organizational leadership competencies in addition to individual competencies to better enable collaborative, equitable, and effective public health systems. As part of a broader study, we conducted 12 interviews to understand the perspectives of public health leaders in Canada regarding the importance of focusing on organizational leadership competencies. Public health leaders viewed organizational leadership as a collective contribution that requires sustained efforts through organizations' learning environment and culture. According to informants, a focus on the organizational level can enable (1) team building and structural dismantling of inequities, (2) tailoring of leadership responses to different provincial and local contexts, and (3) the building of an ecosystem that promotes nurturing and adaptive spaces to facilitate mindset change and prevent siloing. Interviewees also emphasized the dynamic and changing nature of these competencies, particularly in light of the system-level weaknesses highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic and the global political climate, which necessitate regular review and careful examination to ensure relevance. We conclude by calling for greater focus on organizational leadership competencies for public health governance.

Poor sleep quality's risk factors remain understudied in aging populations. Chronic back problems (CBP), a leading cause of disability, may contribute to poor sleep quality. Firstly, we determined the prevalence of poor sleep quality. Secondly, we investigated the association between chronic back problems and poor sleep quality, controlling for covariates. Lastly, we explored the interaction between sleep apnea and chronic back problems with respect to their association with poor sleep quality.

This environmental scan has two aims. The first is to identify wholistic, physical activity (PA)-based wellness interventions for Indigenous women in Canada through the completion of a scoping review of published and grey literature and key informant interviews. The second is to identify promising practices and potential barriers to intervention development and delivery.

This qualitative study examines how trust has changed during and after the pandemic among our study participants. It reveals how they made meaning of trust in federal and provincial governments, scientific research, and digital platforms, and how this meaning-making process changed and was challenged by a global public health crisis.

SARS-CoV-2 serological surveillance used blood donors, research cohorts, and residual patient samples. Differences in socio-demographic characteristics across these sources may bias seroprevalence estimates, necessitating statistical adjustment.

This research is part of a larger participatory project aimed at co-developing an intervention to ensure cultural safety in care, conducted with and by the Atikamekw Nehirowisiwok (First Nation, Quebec Canada). A decolonizing research approach, integrating Atikamekw perspectives and ways of knowing, was adopted. The objectives of this phase of the project were to better understand the health care needs and perspectives of the Atikamekw peoples on cultural safety.

Public health practice necessitates effective health communication. Now, more than ever, public health practitioners must possess the competencies - the skills, knowledge, and attitudes - to communicate effectively. Using a robust, multi-step, multi-method research process, we sought to develop a set of communication competency statements for public health professionals in Canada, in communication-focused roles.

Hand and wrist injuries send high volumes of patients to Emergency Departments (EDs) internationally but are an understudied health issue in Canada. This population-based descriptive study examined patterns in ED visits for hand and wrist trauma in Ontario, Canada, over 11 years.

In the mid-1980s, a remarkable polymath, Dr Fraser Mustard, founded the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (now CIFAR - https://cifar.ca/ ), as a unique way to develop, across Canadian and selected international universities, over a dozen multi-disciplinary groups of researchers tackling major intellectual challenges of that era. Among these groups was the Population Health Program (PHP), led for its initial decade by the brilliant Canadian health economist Prof Bob Evans. Over the next decade-and-a-half, the PHP met nearly fifty times with top international scholars in all types of health research. Out of these interactions, the Program's membership formulated a set of ideas about how the health of entire human populations and societies is determined, as well as enunciated clear policy and program implications of those ideas. This paper summarizes, from the point of view of the author (a Scholar, then Fellow in the PHP) the main themes that the PHP enunciated during its initial decade, culminating in the widely read volume "Why are Some People Healthy and Others Not"?. Finally, developments in the field of Population Health in the two decades since the "sunsetting" of the PHP are reviewed and commented upon.

To examine (1) the alignment of an on-shelf nutrition labelling system with classifications of food processing; and (2) the impact of the system on food sales by type of food processing.

Estimates of autism prevalence are critical for informing evidence-based decisions, allocating resources, and developing effective strategies to support autistic individuals and their families. In Canada, such estimates remain limited, with the most recent population-based data on autism prevalence and incidence in Manitoba spanning 2004-2015, underscoring the need for more current data.

Government-conducted population health surveys are important sources of data on health inequities for gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer men and nonbinary and Two-Spirit people (2S/GBTQ+). There is limited understanding of how vulnerable these surveys are to misclassification bias resulting from participants' reluctance to disclose their sexual orientation and gender identity. 2S/GBTQ+ people may be more willing to participate in community-based surveys, where they might feel safer disclosing their minority sexual orientation or gender identity than they would on a government survey. We sought to understand whether the proportion of 2S/GBTQ+ people who would disclose their sexual orientation on a government survey changed between 2012 and 2019 survey cycles, as well as the proportion of trans, nonbinary, and Two-Spirit participants who would reveal their gender identity, and the demographic factors associated with both.

Ten years since the Truth & Reconciliation Commission Report, Canadian institutions-including public health systems-have yet to advance the Calls to Action in a sustained, transformative way. As public health leaders in the territory now known as British Columbia, we witness tension as colleagues grapple with, "What is the work of Truth & Reconciliation? Whose work is it?". Too often, truth and reconciliation is delegated to a small Indigenous team (or, individual) dangling, isolated off the side of an organizational chart. We offer a metaphor highlighting two interconnected, but distinct areas of work to advance truth and reconciliation in public health. One is the work of reclaiming and resurgence of languages, culture, medicines, and connection to territory, undertaken by and for First Nations, Inuit, and Métis Peoples. The other is eradicating Indigenous-specific racism and white supremacy to advance cultural safety. It is not up to Indigenous people to eradicate racism; as it is constructed, maintained, and perpetuated by settlers, settlers are those with the power to eradicate it. As we move towards the anniversary of the TRC, we share a metaphor that helps our settler colleagues understand and claim their responsibility in truth, rights, and reconciliation in public health.

While mammography screening programmes improve early detection and reduce mortality for individuals aged 50-74, its extension to those aged 40-49 remains debated. In Canada, breast screening eligibility varies between provinces/territories, with Ontario lowering its eligibility age from 50 to 40 in 2024. This commentary examines recent evidence, including observational studies and simulation models, suggesting that mammography screening from age 40 may offer net benefits. Additionally, using data from Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario), we compared stage at diagnosis and 5-year survival rates among 18,639 women aged 40-51 diagnosed with breast cancer (2009-2017). Individuals aged 40-49 had comparable stage at diagnosis and 5-year survival rates to unscreened individuals aged 50-51. Meanwhile, screened individuals aged 50-51 demonstrated the earliest stage at diagnosis and highest 5-year survival rate. Our analysis illustrates the arbitrary nature of an age-based screening threshold at 50. We demonstrate that outcomes for women aged 40-49 resemble those of unscreened women aged 50-51, who were just above the eligibility cutoff. While expanding screening may increase upfront costs, these could be offset by avoiding late-stage treatments and integrating risk-stratified approaches. Overall, women in their 40s may benefit from organized screening programs through earlier detection and improved survival.

Vape use among Canadian adolescents has increased over time, posing a significant public health concern in Canada. However, the rate of increase may vary year to year because of regulatory initiatives related to the Tobacco and Vaping Products Act (TVPA) and the pandemic. Therefore, we aim to examine how the rate of vape use changed between 2014 and 2022 while also investigating differences in vape use by province and sociodemographic characteristics.

Emerging from the pandemic and the largest mass vaccination campaign in history, governments at all levels are once again calling for the development of comprehensive vaccination registries. Yet these calls have persisted for decades at the federal level, and little progress has been made. At the heart of the challenge is the need to clarify the objectives of federal vaccine data collection and how these objectives dovetail with the federal government's constitutional role and jurisdiction in public health. We suggest that pan-Canadian immunization information collection initially focus on vaccine safety and effectiveness, as these would be most concordant with provincial/territorial aims and would fall under the federal government's jurisdiction. The federal spending power could be utilized to further support provincial/territorial systems to facilitate pan-Canadian data collection for coverage.