Pregnancy-induced physiological changes can substantially alter venlafaxine pharmacokinetics. Despite the clinical relevance of both venlafaxine and its active metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV), no physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have been developed that simultaneously describe their disposition during pregnancy. In this study a PBPK model was developed to predict maternal and fetal exposure to venlafaxine and ODV and to optimize dosing regimens.

Momordicae Semen (MS), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is clinically used to disperse stagnation, reduce swelling, detoxify, and treat sores.. However, its therapeutic potential is limited by inherent toxicity and insufficient quality control standards that fail to reflect its therapeutic value. This review comprehensively synthesizes recent advances in MS research, encompassing phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, herbal processing, and clinical applications. Phytochemical studies have identified a diverse range of bioactive compounds in MS, including triterpenoids and saponins, volatile oils, lignans, phenolic acids, flavonoids, steroids, proteins, peptides, and nitrogenous compounds. Pharmacological studies reveal its broad biological activities, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiulcer, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, hypotensive, and neuroprotective activities. Additionally, the applications of MS in TCM formulations and processed products are summarized, and prospects are examined. Furthermore, its potential quality markers (Q-markers) were systematically predicted based on the principles of specificity, measurability, efficacy correlation, traditional property, transfer and traceability, and network pharmacology. Despite these advances, critical challenges remain, including a limited understanding of its toxicological mechanisms, the processing-induced reduction of toxicity, the metabolic pathways of active constituents, and the need for comprehensive quality control standards. Addressing these issues through future research is essential to enhance the clinical utility and therapeutic potential of MS. This review provides a systematic reference and targeted directions for subsequent studies, which is crucial for realizing the safe, effective, and standardized application of MS in clinical practice and pharmaceutical development.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a severe complication of diabetes mellitus with complex pathophysiology. Conventional therapies often lead to poor healing and high recurrence. This mini-review highlights the promise of advanced natural therapeutics and delivery strategies for DFU management. We focus on bioactive natural compounds, such as ginsenosides, astragalus polysaccharides, and resveratrol, that target critical processes like hyperglycemia, vascular impairment, and oxidative stress by modulating key signaling pathways. To improve bioavailability, innovative delivery systems including nanotechnology and nitric oxide-releasing platforms have been developed, enabling sustained release and enhanced healing. Clinical evidence shows promising results, such as shortened healing time and improved ulcer closure rates, supports the translational potential of standardized natural formulations. Moving forward, priorities should focus on standardizing natural formulations, optimizing delivery, and conducting rigorous clinical trials. With continued innovation, natural therapeutics hold significant potential to improve wound healing, reduce amputations, and enhance the quality of life for DFU patients.

Warfarin is usually used in a fixed loading dose regimen, which may increase the risk of bleeding or prolong the time to reach standard dose. The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy and safety of loading dose versus maintenance dose of warfarin therapy in postpartum women with pulmonary embolism (PE) under the guidance of clinical pharmacogenetic information.

Lamotrigine demonstrates substantial interindividual pharmacokinetic variability during pregnancy, though the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of lamotrigine in Chinese epileptic patients during the peripregnancy period, in order to identify the key influencing factors and thereby assist in providing a solution for the individualized administration of lamotrigine.

One of the most common malignant tumors in women worldwide is breast cancer, which affects even more than one-third of all female tumor patients. Patient outcomes and effective therapeutic strategies are frequently determined by molecular subtypes in breast cancer. However, the underlying epigenetic characteristics that could further divide breast cancer patients into groups and affect their outcomes could be the reason for the differences in therapeutic response. It is true that there have been recent findings about the role of epigenetic abnormalities in cancer, and that therapeutics targeting particular epigenetic pathways have been developed. Phytochemicals function as gene regulators in a variety of cancers and are crucial to the pathophysiology of many human cancers, including breast cancer. Preclinical studies have revealed that phytochemicals exhibit promising therapeutic efficacy against breast carcinoma by modulating several epigenetic alterations including DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNA and estrogen associated epigenetic changes. Nevertheless, despite promising in vitro and in vivo results, the clinical application of phytochemicals targeting epigenetic markers in breast cancer is limited. Further research is required to confirm their effectiveness and safety in clinical settings. Thus, this study provides a thorough summary of how epigenetic changes contribute to the development of breast cancer. This article also explores the potential benefits of phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, isothiocyanates, and quinones, in modulating these epigenetic markers in preclinical models of breast cancer.

This randomized controlled study aimed to explore the safety and efficacy of a fentanyl-reduced regimen combining esketamine and remimazolam for bronchoscopy in elderly patients.

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects 257 million people globally, causing 880,000 deaths annually owing to end-stage liver disease. Current first-line therapies include nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) and pegylated interferon-α (PEG-IFN-α). A functional cure, defined as sustained HBsAg loss for ≥ 24 weeks, undetectable hepatitis B e antigen/HBV DNA, and normal liver function, is the ideal and achievable treatment endpoint for chronic HBV infection. This review focuses on PEG-IFN-α-induced functional cure in special populations with chronic HBV infection, including patients with partial response or low-level viremia (LLV), fibrosis or compensated cirrhosis, HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), HBV/human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) coinfection, and pediatric patients. PEG-IFN-α enhances the complete virological response and HBsAg loss rate in CHB patients with partial virological responses to NAs or LLV. PEG-IFN-α improves liver histology and promotes liver fibrosis regression in compensated cirrhosis. PEG-IFN-α not only decreases HCC incidence and recurrence but also improves overall survival in patients with HBV-related HCC after curative treatment. Patients living with HBV/HIV-1 coinfection have a high rate of HBsAg loss/seroconversion in response to effective antiretroviral therapy, and the administration of add-on PEG-IFN-α may further increase the rate of HBV functional cure. IFN-α/PEG-IFN-α-based therapy is beneficial for younger children with chronic HBV infection despite the viral load, HBeAg, and liver inflammation status. Adverse events associated with PEG-IFN-α are manageable in specific HBV populations. PEG-IFN-α is a valuable strategy for a functional cure in special populations with chronic HBV infection, supporting clinical decision-making for HBV management.

 To compare the effects of remifentanil-propofol versus propofol alone on anesthesia outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).

miR-34, as an important class of microRNA, plays a dual regulatory role in host antiviral immunity and tumor suppression. Its unique mechanism targeting both viruses and tumors demonstrates significant potential for synergistic therapeutic applications. During viral infection, miR-34 enhances host immune responses by regulating interferon signaling pathways to target IRF3 phosphorylation and NF-κB activation, which leads to the viral replication suppression. In tumor prevention and treatment, miR-34 acts as a downstream effector of the p53 signaling pathway, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by inhibiting Cyclin D1 and promoting Bax expression, exhibiting the tumor-suppressive roles. Additionally, miR-34 plays a key role in the interactions between viruses and hosts, as well as tumors and the microenvironment, by balancing the expression of inflammatory factors (eg, IL-6, TNF-α). Although miR-34 has shown significant potential in preclinical studies, its clinical application still faces challenges such as low drug delivery efficiency, off-target effects, and safety concerns. Notably, miR-34 mimics have demonstrated potential in tumor trials to restore tumor suppressor functions, offering the promising and novel strategies for combined anti-viral and anti-tumor therapies. In the future, through multi-omics integration, the development of novel nano-delivery systems, and multicenter clinical trials, miR-34 is expected to become a crucial target for viral prevention and precision tumor therapy.

Minimal Change Disease (MCD) / Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) are leading causes of adult nephrotic syndrome. Roughly half of patients need long-term immunosuppression for steroid dependence or relapse, but traditional drugs carry substantial adverse effects. Rituximab (RTX) depletes CD20⁺ B cells and reduces anti-podocyte antibodies; pediatric data are encouraging, yet direct adult evidence-especially between treatment-naïve and relapsed patients-remains scarce.

This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of initial trough concentration (C) of voriconazole (VCZ) and procalcitonin (PCT) in hepatotoxic adverse events.

To evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and food effects of single and multiple oral doses of ABP-671, a novel URAT1 inhibitor, in healthy and hyperuricemic subjects.

While intravenous lidocaine reduces propofol requirements during procedures, its effects on postoperative cognitive function remain uncertain. This study evaluated whether lidocaine enhances cognitive recovery in patients undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) with propofol sedation.

SG001 is a humanized, IgG4 monoclonal antibody against human PD-1. This phase 1b study aimed to evaluate efficacy and safety of SG001 in advanced solid tumors.

This review provides a comprehensive examination of the clinical pharmacological mechanisms and broad therapeutic applications of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and dual receptor agonists targeting both glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptors. GLP-1RAs exert their effects by stimulating insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon release, delaying gastric emptying, and reducing appetite through the activation of the GLP-1 receptor. These agents have demonstrated significant efficacy in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that GLP-1RAs may confer cardiovascular protection, neuroprotective benefits, and positive effects on mental health. Dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists, such as tirzepatide, simultaneously activate both receptors, thereby potentiating glycemic control, promoting weight loss, and ameliorating metabolic dysfunction. This review also addresses recent advances in the development of other dual and triple receptor agonists. Distinct from prior reviews that predominantly focus on a single drug class or limited clinical indications, this article systematically contrasts the mechanistic pathways, therapeutic efficacy, and safety profiles of GLP-1RAs versus GLP-1/GIP dual receptor agonists. Notably, it integrates the most current evidence pertaining to novel domains, such as perioperative management, neuropsychiatric outcomes, and the innovation of multi-receptor agonists. This synthesis offers a timely and practical resource to inform clinical precision medicine and to guide future investigative efforts.

To evaluate the association between perioperative dexmedetomidine exposure and one-year mortality risk following video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS).

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has emerged as the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide, but there has long been a lack of effective therapeutic drugs. Thyroid hormone (TH) and its receptor THR-β play pivotal roles in hepatic metabolism, positioning THR-β as a promising therapeutic target for MASLD. Notably, Resmetirom, a selective THR-β agonist, gained FDA approval in 2024 for MASLD treatment, and several other THR-β agonists are currently undergoing preclinical or clinical studies. While these agents demonstrate effective in alleviating hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in MASLD, the disease heterogeneity and drugs' adverse reactions remain key challenges. Therefore, further research is necessary to comprehensively assess their clinical efficacy and safety. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which TH/THR-β influences MASLD and recent advances in THR-β-targeted pharmacotherapy, aiming to enhance understanding of its therapeutic potential and promote drug development and clinical applications.

To investigate the effect of a fascia iliaca compartment block with liposomal bupivacaine on the quality of recovery after hip fracture surgery.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction, which may impair perioperative responsiveness to vasoactive drugs such as nitroglycerin.