To establish expert consensus on the contemporary surgical management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) using a structured Delphi approach.

To establish consensus-based guidelines on the diagnosis, classification, and management of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) through a structured expert panel initiated by the Asia-Pacific Vitreo-retina Society (APVRS), the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO), and the Academia Retina Internationalis (ARI), addressing the existing clinical controversies.

This international consensus effort, convened by The Infectious Uveitis Treatment Algorithm Network (TITAN) group, brought together 103 uveitis experts to address long-standing controversies in the management of ocular toxoplasmosis (OT), a leading cause of infectious posterior uveitis worldwide. Despite the availability of advanced diagnostic tools, variability persists in clinical decision-making. Controversies were identified from previous surveys on OT management, which served as the foundation for developing the survey questions in this study. Using a two-round modified Delphi method, experts reviewed evidence and rated recommendations across three domains: diagnosis and investigations, treatment, and follow-up management. Key consensus findings include support for antiparasitic therapy in most active cases, selective use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for atypical presentations, and prophylactic therapy in high-risk scenarios. These expert-derived consensus provide a framework for best practices in OT clinical management and highlight priorities for future prospective studies.

Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist widely prescribed for type 2 diabetes and obesity, has recently been linked to rare ocular adverse events, including non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Given the growing concerns and limited clarity, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to critically assess the potential association between semaglutide use and NAION risk.

With the paradigm changes in antiviral therapy, there are a myriad of emerging controversies in the management of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR). A certain extent of variability exists in the management of CMVR among clinical practices worldwide. Hence, alignment in the management strategy is important towards optimizing the care of CMVR. An international panel of experts (IPE) formulated consensus statements for CMVR regarding to its 1) diagnosis, 2) screening, 3) treatment, 4) management in special populations and 5) emerging technologies. The clinical diagnosis of CMVR relies on patient's susceptibility due to compromised immune function and characteristic fundus manifestations. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of intraocular fluid for detection of CMV is indicated when confirmation is necessary. Oral valganciclovir is the preferred first-line treatment, and intravitreal ganciclovir injection when CMVR threatens to involve the posterior pole. Cessation of maintenance treatment can be considered after 6 months when CMVR remains inactive with immune reconstitution. Immune recovery uveitis (IRU) must be distinguished from CMVR relapse. Screening is recommended for high risk cases. Utilization of telemedicine and artificial intelligence-aided interpretation will help to alleviate the resources required for CMVR screening. Evidence for novel antiviral and immunotherapy have been appraised as second-line treatment options.

Neovascular age-related degeneration (nAMD) is one of the leading causes of visual impairment in older populations in the developed world. With the aging population, the incidence of nAMD is growing globally. Despite advancements in diagnostic investigations and treatment modalities over the past three decades, there remains considerable controversies in the pathogenesis, classification and optimal management strategies. An international panel of 31 experts from 11 countries/regions prepared and voted on consensus statements in five key areas: (1) etiology controversies; (2) diagnosis controversies; (3) treatment controversies; (4) future development controversies; and (5) healthcare deliveries controversies. Among the 31 consensus statements, 28 (90.3 %) have achieved over 75 % agreement. These statements can provide a practical guide for ophthalmologists to provide the optimal care of patients with nAMD and for planning future research priorities in order to address the unmet needs in nAMD.

To determine Asia Pacific cataract surgeons' attitudes toward surgical waste and toward reusing supplies and pharmaceuticals.

According to a 2025 APAO survey, reuse of phacoemulsification tubing and cassettes appears to be more common in Asian-Pacific countries compared to Europe and North America. We analyzed the phacoemulsification postoperative endophthalmitis (POE) rate from 2016 to 2024 at the Aravind Eye Care System's 15 hospital network. Single-use phacoemulsification cassettes were routinely reused all day (off label) at every facility during this 9-year period. The POE rate was 0.01 % in 1,133,959 consecutive cases. This rate was consistent from year to year and compared favorably with contemporaneous POE data from the American Academy of Ophthalmology Intelligent Research in Sight (IRIS) Registry (0.06 %), where presumably no reuse of phacoemulsification cassettes would have been allowed. We found no evidence that reusing the same phacoemulsification tubing and cassette all day increased the rate of POE.

The management of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) presents both established consensus and ongoing controversies, particularly regarding emerging therapies (anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents [VEGF], subthreshold laser and intravitreal steroids) versus conventional approaches (laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy). The Asia-Pacific Vitreo-retina Society (APVRS), the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO) and the Academia Retina Internationalis (ARI) saw such a need to establish consensus and controversial statements on PDR management. They formed an international panel of experts (IPE) comprising 26 experts from 13 countries/territories to establish the statements, including diagnosis and diagnostic technologies, screening approaches, laser, anti-VEGF, intravitreal steroids and vitrectomy and related techniques in PDR management. The objective is to synthesize evidence-based real-world practice recommendations from leading global experts to guide the management of PDR. Of the 37 statements, the IPE reached consensus (75 % voted as "Strong Agreement" or "Agreement") on 28 (76 %) statements. Controversial statements, such as panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) in special scenarios, use of steroids in cases unresponsive to anti-VEGF and PRP and during vitrectomy to improve visual oucomes, and specific surgical techniques such as internal limiting membrane peeling and drainage retinotomy in the treatment of PDR are identified. Given its high prevalence and propensity for visual morbidity, and the recent advances in surgery for PDR, confirming the standard practices and deliberating on controversies to find the best approach by international experts would help improve the management of PDR further.

East Asia is facing a growing burden of myopia, with pronounced disparities in access to eye care between urban and rural populations. Digital health technologies present a scalable and cost-effective alternative to traditional myopia interventions that enhance early detection, risk stratification, behavioral modification, and public education. Artificial intelligence-assisted screening tools, wearable monitors, and mHealth initiatives, such as the World Health Organization-International Telecommunication Union MyopiaEd program, have demonstrated effectiveness in improving myopia prevention and health education accessibility. However, achieving a sustained impact requires rigorous validation, robust data governance, infrastructure investment, and integration with established clinical strategies. East Asia could be well-positioned to pioneer a comprehensive digital model for equitable myopia control.

Behçet's disease remains a complex and challenging form of uveitis, marked by a high rate of relapse, significant inflammation, and a long-term risk of visual acuity loss. The introduction of biologics, especially anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) agents, has revolutionized treatment, significantly reducing sight-threatening complications and minimizing the adverse effects of steroid therapy. However, several challenges persist, including variable clinical presentations, a high incidence of vasculitis affecting both the retinal and systemic circulation, the recognition of neuro-Behçet's disease, and the lack of tools for disease activity monitoring or biomarkers for diagnostic specificity and progression tracking. Additional issues such as the exit strategy for biologics and the cost-effectiveness of genetic testing further complicate its management. To address these complexities, the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO), the Asia-Pacific Vitreo-retina Society (APVRS), the Asia-Pacific Society of Ocular Inflammation and Infection (APSOII), and the Academia Retina Internationalis (ARI) formed a panel of 21 international experts from 11 countries and territories. This consensus manuscript reflects a systematic review of existing literature and the collective insights of these experts. The panel reviewed key topics, discussed controversies, and achieved consensus in areas including classification, diagnosis, systemic treatment, special groups such as pediatric or neuro-Behçet's cases, and advancements in genetic stratification. Using a five-point Likert scale, 69 statements were evaluated, with 62 (89.9 %) achieving consensus. This paper aims to establish standardized guidelines to reduce variability and improve predictability in outcomes. For areas where consensus was not reached, ongoing research is essential to address these gaps and advance the management of Behçet's disease-related uveitis.

To evaluate the impact of prolonged use of topical glaucoma medications on the surgical outcomes of gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) in juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG).