Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting ~10% of reproductive-age individuals and contributing significantly to infertility, pain, and reduced quality of life. Since our 2020 review, new pharmacologic strategies, updated guidelines, and advances in clinical trial evidence have reshaped the therapeutic landscape. Effective, patient-centered management is essential to lessen the burden of disease.

Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis in adults in the U.S. and worldwide. Men are affected more than women, and cardiometabolic diseases frequently accompany this condition.

The development of B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) inhibitors has totally revolutionized the management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). These highly effective, small molecules trigger apoptosis in leukemia cells by specifically targeting the BCL-2 protein. Notably, venetoclax, an extremely high-affinity BCL-2 inhibitor, stands out particularly for its high therapeutic index, especially when combined with hypomethylating agents like azacytidine and decitabine, among older patients and even young patients with comorbidities that preclude intensive chemotherapy regimens. Once more, because the new AML model is evolving, venetoclax is being used more with high-intensity chemotherapy even in young patients, at any age.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional abdominal pain - not otherwise specified (FAP-NOS) are amongst the most common disorders affecting children worldwide, often associated with a lower quality of live, anxiety, and depression. The underlying mechanisms of these conditions remain poorly understood, posing significant challenges to effective treatment. Consequently, many children receive inadequate care. This highlights the urgent need for accessible and effective treatment strategies.

As medicines for adults are often not suitable for children, pediatric formulations must be specifically provided. Micropellets and mini-tablets are ideal platform technologies for APIs challenging in terms of solubility and taste, enabling products not only for the pediatric but also for the adult and the geriatric population.

Remimazolam is a novel, ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine that enhances inhibitory transmission at the GABA-A receptor to produce sedation, anxiolysis, and amnesia. Its organ-independent metabolism by nonspecific tissue esterases enables rapid onset and offset. These characteristics make it particularly suited to high-risk populations where hemodynamic stability and predictable recovery are particularly important.

Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) remain a significant clinical challenge, particularly in women, due to limited treatment options and increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

Pediatric reflux esophagitis (RE) lies within the gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) spectrum but differs from adults in pathophysiology, presentation, and therapy risk - benefit. Clear, age-aware guidance is needed.

This review provides an updated overview of the evolving pharmacologic landscape of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted therapies in breast cancer, highlighting key clinical trial data, recent indication expansions, resistance mechanisms, and emerging therapeutic agents in development.

Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic and often under-diagnosed condition with onset in childhood or adolescence, leading to marked functional impairment. While current first-line treatments, cognitive-behavioral therapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, are effective in many cases, a substantial proportion of patients remain refractory, especially those with early onset.

Vapes are the most used tobacco product by school children in the U.S.A. Vaping commonly leads to combustible cigarette smoking, marijuana use, and initiation of other drugs of abuse. Consequently, ways to help youths stop vaping are required.

Pediatric fever often causes significant parental anxiety, or 'fever phobia,' leading to the inappropriate use of antipyretics. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence to support clinical decision-making, framing fever as a regulated physiological host defense mechanism, not a disease. The primary therapeutic goal is improving the child's overall comfort, rather than simply normalizing body temperature.

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a highly prevalent disorder of gut - brain interaction, characterized by heterogeneous symptoms, overlapping pathophysiology, and limited treatment efficacy. Iberogast®, a multi-herbal phytomedicine available for more than five decades, has emerged as a promising therapeutic option by addressing multiple mechanisms simultaneously.

Drawing on recent clinical trials, expert consensus, and emerging data presented at hematology meetings (2018-2025), we highlight established cytoreductive strategies - hydroxyurea, interferon-α (including pegylated formulations), and anagrelide - and evaluate emerging targeted agents. Key trials include the phase 2 LSD1 inhibitor bomedemstat trial showing significant platelet-count reduction and mutation-burden improvement the phase 3 SURPASS-ET trial comparing ropeginterferon alfa-2b versus anagrelide, ongoing investigations of JAK - STAT pathway modulators, and emerging data on the anti-calreticulin (CALR) monoclonal antibody INCA033989, which selectively targets mut progenitors to suppress malignant hematopoiesis while sparing normal hematopoiesis.

Anticoagulation in patients with liver disease presents a complex clinical challenge due to complex changes in hemostasis seen in hepatic dysfunction. Historically underrepresented in clinical trials, anticoagulation in this population remains a topic of uncertainty.

Abdominal pain remains a major challenge in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), due to its frequency and relative impact on healthcare costs and patient well-being. Although significant steps have been taken to better understand pain and how to manage this important symptom, a great deal is still unknown regarding the nature of abdominal pain, including in IBD.

Dravet Syndrome (DS) is a devastating developmental and epileptic encephalopathy marked by early refractory seizures and pervasive symptoms impacting cognition, behavior, motor function, sleep, and autonomic control. This review appraises established and emerging therapeutics, tracing the field's shift from broad antiseizure medications to gene-modifying strategies. Sustained progress hinges on targeting defined nodes in DS pathophysiology to improve the whole patient, not just seizure control.

For the first time in history, a medication - tirzepatide, has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This approval adds to the current array of therapeutic options and raises many issues regarding the future of treatment for OSA; in particular, the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) in the chronic management of patients with OSA.

Antiplatelet therapy is key for secondary prevention in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, particularly those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). While aspirin has historically been the standard of care agent, oral P2Y₁₂ inhibitors - namely clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor - have emerged as key adjunctive therapies as well as treatment alternatives. Given their differing pharmacodynamic, pharmacogenomic, and safety - efficacy profiles, the optimal selection of these agents remains an area of investigation.