It is known that heavy metal containing nanomaterials can easily prevent the formation of microbial cultures. The emergence of new generation epidemic diseases in the last 2 years has increased the importance of both personal and environmental hygiene. For this reason, in addition to preventing the spread of diseases, studies on alternative disinfectant substances are also carried out. In this study, the antibacterial activity of nanoflower and nanocube, which are easily synthesized and nanoparticle species containing iron, were compared. The antioxidant abilities of new synthesized NF@FeO(OH) and NC@α-FeO were tested by DPPH scavenging activity assay. The highest DPPH inhibition was achieved with NC@α-FeO as 71.30% at 200 mg/L. NF@FeO(OH) and NC@α-FeO demonstrated excellent DNA cleavage ability. The antimicrobial capabilities of NF@FeO(OH) and NC@α-FeO were analyzed with micro dilution procedure. In 500 mg/L, the antimicrobial activity was 100%. In addition to these, the biofilm inhibition of NF@FeO(OH) and NC@α-FeO were investigated against and and it was found that they showed significant antibiofilm inhibition. It is suggested that additional studies can be continued to be developed and used as an antibacterial according to the results of the nanoparticles after various toxicological test systems.

The current research is focused to address the implementation of nanobubbles technology to antibacterial agents against infections. Nanobubbles technology is a novel, latest research employed in many medical fields including drug discovery. In this present work, supramolecular nanoliquid formulation of potential antiseptic agent chloroxylenol-based Dettol and its enhanced antibacterial activity, biocompatibility assessment was studied. Nanobubble technology was adopted to prepare nanoformulation (NB-D) using a household hand mixer under thermostatically controlled conditions. A high-stability nanoformulation with high potential antibacterial activity against human pathogenic strains of and was produced by the nanobubbles created in the antiseptic solution. The overall vitality of both strains was significantly reduced in all dose tests on NB-D treatment as a result of the antibacterial activity as assessed by the well-diffusion assay, turbidometric microdilution assay, biofilm inhibition assay, and total count reduction assay. Biocompatibility of the NB-D formulation was studied by the determination of cytotoxicity against HaCaT-human keratinocytes and hemocytes. NB-D treatment did not induce any notable cytotoxic effect on HaCaT cells by showing none of the changes in cell morphology and architecture. No toxic effect on the hematocytes was observed in NB-D treatment. The enhanced antibacterial activity and best biocompatibility of NB-D result shows that the nanobubble technology could be used as an effective strategy for the formulation of antiseptics or disinfectants against high health risk infectious organisms. The novelty of the work is the formation of supramolecular nanoformulation on antiseptic agent which promised the results enhanced than the raw antiseptic agent.

Since the beginning of the corona pandemic, numerous scientific projects have been conducted worldwide to investigate how the new virus can be combated. Researchers are developing various vaccines and drugs at full speed - with varying degrees of success. In this work, silico screening (molecular docking analysis) is performed on twenty natural compounds, which are expected to provide valuable lead molecules and medication to treat a new condition SARS-CoV-2. Our results indicate that out of the 20 compounds on the candidate list, lutein and Polydatin, natural components of fruits and vegetables (especially egg yolk and maize) have shown an excellent performance in our docking studies through a minimum binding energy of - 9.8 kcal/mol also - 7.4 kcal/mol, separately. This indicates their potential for the inhibitory molecular interactions against COVID-19. The main intent of the research is to analyse the protein components and investigate the molecules.

In this report, Azithromycin (Azi) antibiotic was measured by carbon paste electrode (CPE) improved by graphene nanoribbon-CoFeO@NiO nanocomposite and 1-hexyl-3 methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (HMIM PF) as an ionic liquid binder. The electrochemical behavior of Azi on the graphene nanoribbon-CoFeO@NiO/HMIM PF/CPE is investigated by voltammetric methods, and the results showed that the modifiers improve the conductivity and electrochemical activity of the CPE. According to obtained data, the electrochemical behavior of Azi is related to pH. under optimum conditions, the sensor has linear ranges from 10 µM to 2 mM with a LOD of 0.66 µM. The effect of scan rate and chronoamperometry were studied, which showed that the Azi electro-oxidation is diffusion controlled with the diffusion coefficient of 9.22 × 10 cm/s. The reproducibility (3.15%), repeatability (2.5%), selectivity, and stability (for 30 days) tests were investigated, which results were acceptable. The actual sample analysis confirmed that the proposed sensor is an appropriate electrochemical tool for Azi determination in urine and Azi capsule.

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacts the increase in plastic waste from food packaging, masks, gloves, and personal protective equipment (PPE), resulting in an environmental disaster, if collected, processed, transported, or disposed inappropriately. Plastic waste has a very long deterioration time in the environment (soil and water), cheap, and plentiful. Additionally, construction waste disposal is a process that transfers debris to a state that does lead to any sustainable or environmental problems. The core objective of this current research work is to provide safety and efficacy by partial substitution of both ultrafine demolition waste (UDW), incorporated with nanoplastic waste (NPW), for eco-white cement (E-WC) composition. E-WC is designed by partially substituted WC with UDW (1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 wt.%); incorporated with NPW (1.0 and 3.0 wt.%); to adequately protect people and the environment over long periods. The context examines the high performance, physicomechanical properties and high durability of blends as presences of silica in UDW proposed a hydraulic filler material, plus; high surface area of NPW. The microstructure and workability are characterized by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) measurements. The record results show greatly enhanced in the mechanical strength due to the combination of NPW and UDW (active silica). With the presence of NPW and UDW in WC matrix, the highest level of crystallization formed consequently a decrease in whiteness reflection (Ry) and total porosity. In summary, WC blend with NPW and UDW reflects better workability and energy saving qualities, which are economical and environmentally beneficial and may result in decreased construction budget and improve a long-term raw material sustainability.

Nanostructured Zinc oxide (ZnO) materials have attained exciting research interests among various metal oxide nanoparticles due to their unique features. Thus, the scope of applications for ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) is vast and efficient. The current study demonstrates a simple and environmental-friendly approach for the synthesis of ZnO NPs using the extract of the . is a common medicinal plant in Kerala (India) that is traditionally used for its medicinal properties. Morphological characterizations of the as-synthesized ZnO NPs were evaluated using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The results revealed that ZnO NPs showed pebble-like morphology and possessed an average particle size of ~ 20 nm. Further, antibacterial and antifungal activities of as-prepared ZnO NPs were investigated against , as well as and respectively, using the agar-well diffusion method. The results revealed that the prepared ZnO NPs shows excellent antimicrobial activity against the examined microorganisms. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the as-synthesized ZnO NPs was evaluated using the DPPH assay, which indicated an excellent IC value of 1.78 μg/mL that shows high antioxidant activity. All these results proved that the plant extract-mediated synthesis method is a simple, low-cost, eco-friendly procedure for preparing efficient ZnO NPs for biomedical applications.

Drug resistance in filamentous fungus to antifungal medicines is a huge problem in biomedical applications; so, an effective strategy for treating opportunistic fungal infections is needed. is a very fascinating plant to treat a variety of ailments as home remedies. Eighteen strains of species were used for this study which are having a unique antifungal resistance profile in presence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). AgNPs were prepared, using an aqueous extract of and characterized it by various techniques. Structural properties of AgNPs were systematically studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Raman measurement, which emanate the single-phase fcc structure of silver nanoparticles. The spherical nature and elemental analysis of as-synthesized AgNPs were confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, respectively. The optical study has been analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy and band gap was calculated as 2.51 eV, using Tauc plot. To analyze and validate the good efficacy of the disc approach, antifungal activity of AgNPs nanoparticles in different concentrations against isolates was achieved in both disc and broth microdilution. The extracellular enzymatic activity of was found to explore the precise impact of nanoparticles on fungal metabolism The antifungal efficacy of AgNPs against all fungi was highly successful in disc method. The broth approach underlined the favorable results of the disc method. It provided more precise results in determining the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), as well as the minimum effective concentration (MEC). (AM6) enzymatic activity was boosted by AgNPs. Also, ß-galactosidase, ß-glucuronidase, and ß-glucosidase are necessary enzymes whose activity has been boosted. Consequently, AgNPs can play a major and intriguing function against resistant species with a significant shift in the enzymatic activity profile of fungi due to this action.

Antimicrobial air filtration techniques have recently been widely studied to enhance indoor air quality and mitigate hazardous airborne microorganisms. Here, CuNPs were incorporated into a commercial polyester fiber surface and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer was used to measure the adherence between fibers and nanoparticles. An acid pretreatment previous CuNP incorporation was effective against the particle release and enhanced the adhesion between particle and fiber. CuNP was a mixture of Cu and CuO with a diameter size of 90 nm (SEM micrographs). The permeability of the filter was low, in order of 10 m. The activity against pathogens was tested in loco in a real environment using a filtration prototype apparatus. It was observed that the presence of CuNP mitigated the fungi and bacteria growth not only on the surface but also reduced microbe concentrations after passing through the filter. These results show that CuNP can be used as an inhibitor of various microorganisms, making them a good alternative for indoor environments to control indoor air quality.

MgO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles were synthesized using the atmosphere plasma jets technique. The physical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated by a series of techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD and EDS analyses confirmed the purity of the nanoparticles synthesized with an average nanoparticle crystallite size of 36 nm. TEM confirmed the successful synthesis of spindle-shaped MgO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles with an average size of 70 nm. To evaluate their toxicity, the MgO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles were tested in vivo. Twenty-five albino female rats were randomly divided into five groups (five rats in each group); one was used as the control group and the other four as the experimental groups. Doses of the MgO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles solution were orally administered to the test groups to examine the toxicity. For 30 consecutive days, each rat in test groups 2-5 received 1 mL of the MgO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles solution at the respective doses of 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg L. The rats' growth, hematology, thyroid gland function, and histopathology were examined after 30 days. Findings indicate that the growth retardation in the rats treated with MgO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles may be due to their infection by . The hematology results show the nonsignificant effect of MgO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles on white blood cells, implying that these nanoparticles have no harmful impact on the immune system. Moreover, the levels of the thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormones increased, and that of the triiodothyronine hormone decreased. The histological analysis results show that low concentrations of MgO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles are safe for desired biomedical applications.

The main number of current researches has been focused on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Sn-based Sn-Ag-Cu-based solders, while various kinds of nanosized particles have been added. The synthesis and handling of ceramic nanosized powder are much easier than of metal nanoparticles. In addition, metal nanoparticles solved in solder joints during the soldering process or by thermal aging could behave as an alloying element similar to bulk metal additions, while ceramic nanoparticles retain their chemically inactive behavior in various thermal, thermo-mechanical, and electrical constraints. In some cases, the solved metal nanosized inclusions could increase the growth kinetics of the present intermetallic phases or even create new phases, which leads to more complexity in the predictions and simulations of chemical processes in the solder joints. Based on the assertions mentioned above, ceramic nanosized particles are industrially more favorable as reinforcing inclusions. On the other hand, there is no direct comparison in the literature between Sn-based Sn-Ag-Cu and Sn-Ag solder joints with similar ceramic nanoinclusions based on microstructural features and mechanical properties. In the present research, the Cu/flux + NPs/SAC/flux + NPs/Cu solder joints were produced with a nominal amount of 0.2 wt%, 0.5 wt%, and 1.0 wt% nanosized ZrO powder. The solder joints prepared via the above-described method are called in the literature as hybrid solder joints. The microstructure of the as-reflowed and thermally aged samples has been studied, especially at the interface solder/substrate. It has been shown that the minor additions of ZrO NPs lead to a decrease in the thickness of the CuSn interfacial layer in the as-reflowed solder joints and a reduction in the growth kinetics of this layer, while the CuSn interfacial IMC layer remains practically unaffected. Similar investigations were performed in our previous study but for both the hybrid and nanocomposite Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder joints. A comparative analysis of the impact of the ZrO nanoinclusions on the hybrid solder joints using Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu has been performed.

Antibacterial agents with low toxicity to normal cells, redox activity and free radical scavenging property are urgently needed to address the global health crisis. The phenomenal conducting nature of graphene is a best fit to enhance the antibacterial properties of metal oxides. In this work, CeO nanotiles and graphene nanoplatelets/CeO nanotiles nanocomposites (G/CeO) have been synthesized by a solvothermal method. The prepared materials have been characterized using XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, and UV-visible spectroscopy techniques to investigate their crystallinity, morphology, composition, and optical bandgap energies. The CeO and G/CeO nanocomposites have also been tested for antibacterial applications. The neat CeO nanotiles sample inhibits the bacterial growth of and up to 14.21% and 39.53% respectively. The antibacterial activity was tremendously enhanced using 25% graphene-loaded sample (G/CeO-II) i.e., approximately 83% loss of and 89% in case of has been observed. This can be attributed to the unique nano-architecture, oxidative stress due to the excellent ability of reversible conversion between the two electronic states of CeO and the stress exerted by the planar graphene and CeO nanotiles. Therefore, the G/CeO nanocomposites can find potential application as nano-antibiotics for controlling pathogens.

Nowadays, nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with specific biophysical characteristics have attracted remarkable attention as innovative options for the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases. In the present research, Au NPs were green synthesized using the leaf extract as an inexpensive and eco-friendly synthesis method. Then, the physicochemical properties were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering method (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Zeta potential, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Afterwards, the antioxidant capacity was tested and antiviral activity against influenza virus was evaluated by applying TCID50 and PCR assays. The nanoparticles cytotoxicity was tested using the MTT method. The shape and size of Au nanoparticles were modulated by varying leaf concentrations with face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. At higher concentrations, long-time stable spherical nanoparticles were obtained with a mean particle size of 32 nm and low aggregation degree that could simply combine with various bioactive compounds. The outcomes exhibited effective antiviral and antioxidant activities with low cytotoxicity and acceptable biocompatibility of green synthesized Au NPs. The aim of the present study was to develop a potentially environmentally friendly nanoplatform with excellent antiviral and antioxidant functions and acceptable biocompatibility for promising biomedical applications in the future.

The diagnosis of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has gained the spotlight of the world's scientific community since December 2019 and it remains an important issue due to the emergence of novel variants around the globe. Early diagnosis of coronavirus is captious to prevent and hard to control. This pandemic can be eradicated by implementing suppressing strategies which can lead to better outcomes and more lives being saved. Therefore, the analysis showed that COVID-19 can only be managed by adopting public health measures, such as testing, isolation and social distancing. Much work has been done to diagnose coronavirus. Various testing technologies have been developed, opted and modified for rapid and accurate detection. The advanced molecular diagnosis relies on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 as it has been considered the main causative agent of this pandemic. Studies have shown that several molecular tests are considered essential for the confirmation of coronavirus infection. Various serology-based tests are also used in the detection and diagnosis of coronavirus including point-of-care assays and high-throughput enzyme immunoassays that aid in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Both these assays are time-consuming and have less diagnostic accuracy. Nanotechnology has the potential to develop new strategies to combat COVID-19 by developing diagnostics and therapeutics. In this review, we have focused on the nanotechnology-based detection techniques including nanoparticles and biosensors to obstruct the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

As a highly contagious bacterium, pneumonia can cause a series of respiratory diseases, and its treatment has become a concern of people. This study mainly discusses the nursing research of a new silver-based antibacterial agent in the treatment of pneumonia. The following procedures were performed: (1) a sterilized expectoration suction device was inserted into the nasopharynx (7-8 cm), and the nasopharyngeal secretions were suck by controlling the pressure of the suction device; and (2) the catheter was washed with 2 mL of sterilized physiological saline, and the sample was immediately sent to the laboratory for bacterial culture of the lower airway and respiratory secretions to determine viral antigens. The drug resistance coefficient of the lysozyme, benzoate, and pneumonia bacteria is 4.5-26.8%. In addition, the fourth generation sefalos posephin and pneumonia bacteria presented drug sensitivity, and the drug resistance coefficient is 13.1-33.3%. The sensitivity to the new silver-based antimicrobial agent and lopenem is 100%. The sensitivity of other germs is between 2 and 5%. The results of the study indicate that the antibacterial properties of the new silver-based antibacterial agent increase with the degree of amino acid substitution of the same sample concentration. The new silver-based antibacterial agent has excellent antibacterial properties against .

In this study, we are reporting biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles and hydrothermal synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Using convenient mechanical milling methods, nanocomposites with superior photocatalytic and catalytic properties are synthesized. Herein, we have adopted a green, eco-friendly, and economical route for the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles using Zingiber officinalae rhizome extract in an aqueous solution. The synthesized materials were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM & FE-SEM, FT-IR, Raman, and a particle size analyzer with zeta potential analysis. The photocatalytic activities of Ag, ZnO and their composites were studied by observing the degradation of methylene blue and crystal violet dyes under natural sunlight. Then the catalytic efficacies of synthesized nanoparticles for various organic transformation reactions were studied. Ag-ZnO nanocomposites were predicted to have improved photocatalytic activity and organic transformation reactions, allowing them to be used in environmental remediation applications.

Operational requirements of photovoltaic (PV) modules result in their inherent exposure to harsh environmental conditions. The performance of solar cells decreases with increasing temperature, with both efficiency and power output getting affected. High ambient temperature coupled with irradiance absorption leads to an elevated photovoltaic cell operating temperature, adversely affecting the panels' lifespan. Superhydrophobic nanocoatings are the preferred solution to reduce the accumulation of dust (soiling) over the surface of the panels. This article aims to study the effects of nanocoatings on module operating temperature and temperature-dependent cell parameters, such as open-circuit voltage ( ), short-circuit current ( ) and power generation. The application of nanocoating over the surface of solar panels reduces the operating temperatures while improving power generation in a temperate location with high annual atmospheric temperatures.

In this retrospective cross-sectional study, it was aimed to evaluate the negative effects of the pandemic process in the field of oral health by revealing the characteristics of applications made to a hospital related to oral health before and during the pandemic. Patient records who applied to Cyprus Science University Dentistry Hospital between October 2019 and March 2021 were included in the study. Gender, age, applied unit, applying frequency and procedure records were evaluated. Ethical approval was taken from Cyprus Science University. Patient records were divided into two groups as before pandemic ( = 338) and during pandemic ( = 1517). Results of the study showed that gender, age and applied unit distributions were not significantly different between before and during pandemic ( > 0.05). Female and prosthesis applied patients were more common before and after COVID-19 pandemic. Detertrage, tooth extraction, night plaque, temporary cron, metal supported porcelain crown on implant, compomer filler and orthodontic diagnosis rates were decreased during pandemic, compared to before pandemic. Panaromic X-ray was the most common process before and during the pandemic. The differences between before and during pandemic were statistically significant ( < 0.05). The results of the research show that the pandemic process in terms of oral health caused significant differences in the reasons for application, even in the population aged 34-36, the majority of whom are women.

The impregnation of two commercial cotton fabrics (lab coat and Indiolino) with TiO nanoparticles (TiO-NPs) was carried out. For this, two commercial cotton fabrics were dipped in titanium isopropoxide, titanium butoxide and titanium tetrachloride solutions to the TiO-NPs formation and in-situ TiO-NPs impregnation on the cotton fabric surface by the sonochemical, hydrothermal and solvothermal methods, respectively. The impregnated fabrics were characterized by ATR-FTIR, SEM-EDS, Raman, UV-Vis, DRS and tension tests. The results showed the successful formation and impregnation of TiO-NPs on both cotton fabrics. The leaching of TiO-NPs from cotton fabrics was negligible after several washing cycles. The self-cleaning properties and antibacterial activity of TiO-NPs functionalized cotton fabrics were assessed by photocatalytic and antibacterial tests. The photocatalytic activity was determined by the degradation of methylene blue dye under UV and solar irradiation. The materials showed good photoactivity, since MB was degraded up to 99% under solar and UV irradiations in 60 min. The bactericidal capacity of the TiO-NPs on fabrics, evaluated by SEM, showed that Indiolino presented the best antibacterial properties against and

An influence of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanospheres coated by Au-Pd and Pt on the microstructure of solder/copper joints at room temperature and after aging at sub-zero temperature. The carbon nanosized admixtures were mixed with ternary Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu matrix to prepare a composite solder. The microstructure of the solder joints between the nanocomposite solders and a copper substrate was studied by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that minor (0.05 wt. %) admixtures of both the carbon nanospheres and nanotubes increase the shear strength of the solder joints and reduce the growth rate of the intermetallic CuSn layer, formed at the interface between solder and copper. This effect may be related to the adsorption of nanoinclusions on the grain surface during the solidification process. Comparative analysis suggests that exposure for 2 months at 253 K does not lead to deterioration of such an important mechanical characteristic of the solder joint as shear strength, indicating the possibility of using these nanocomposite solders in microelectronic equipment even at temperatures below 0 ℃.