Older adults with cancer are a vulnerable population at heightened risk of malnutrition. Given its association with adverse outcomes, and the growing burden of cancer with an ageing population, this review summarizes key practical considerations when managing malnutrition in this cohort.

Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, poses a major health challenge. While leucine's anabolic properties are well documented, its clinical efficacy as a standalone intervention remains limited. This review explores the potential of integrated strategies combining leucine with other nutrients, physical activity, and gut microbiota modulation to enhance sarcopenia prevention and treatment.

To review the impact of nutrition on critically ill older adults, focusing on the role of comorbidities such as malnutrition, sarcopenia, and frailty, as well as the importance of nutritional support for outcomes such as mortality, recovery, and long-term disability.

to present recent data on amino acid requirements in older adults determined by the minimally invasive indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method, and to compare them to current recommendations derived from young adult data.

Critical care nutrition remains a high-stakes and error-prone domain, particularly given the complex metabolic demands and heterogeneity of ICU populations. This review explores recent progress in integrating artificial intelligence with nutritional therapy in ICUs, highlighting its evolution and potential benefits in precision-guided support, along with current implementation challenges.

The target of critical care nutrition research is moving from short-term physiological surrogate endpoints and mortality toward long-term patient-centered outcomes. This review summarizes recent core outcome set (COS) initiatives relevant to nutrition and metabolism and outcome selection in recent trials.

This review summarizes the most recent evidence on the role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in oncology, focusing on cancer prevention, cachexia and body composition, treatment-related toxicities, and therapeutic response.

Nutritional therapy is fundamental in critical care, yet conventional one-size-fits-all feeding strategies might overlook the dynamic metabolic shifts and patient variability inherent to critical illness. This review proposes a stepwise, phase-adapted strategy aiming to align nutrition therapy with three-step conceptual model of metabolic phases: acute catabolic, stabilization, and recovery.

Protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics are quantifiable metrics commonly utilized to determine the quality of a protein source. This review critically evaluates recent evidence (primarily from studies that provided commonly consumed protein-rich foods) regarding the relationship between in vivo protein digestion and amino acid absorption rates with the postprandial stimulation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS), with an emphasis on healthy adults and critically ill patients.

Probiotics are widely used in paediatrics, but efficacy varies by strain and indication. In 2023, the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Special Interest Group on Gut Microbiota and Modifications issued strain-specific recommendations for gastrointestinal disorders. This review summarises studies published since 2024 to assess whether new evidence warrants changes to these recommendations.

This review evaluates recent evidence on how total protein and energy intake, amino acid composition, and nutrient delivery modality influence protein synthesis in preterm neonates, with the goal of informing nutritional strategies to support optimal lean mass accretion and growth.

Oral intake of n (omega)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is associated with changes to gut microbiota. We review recent findings from 2024 onwards, which build the scientific case that changes to bacterial abundance, and their metabolites, contribute to the health benefits associated with n -3 PUFAs.

Growing interest in the relationship between dietary components and health has intensified research efforts, particularly concerning bioactive peptides. Despite substantial investigations over the past three decades, the therapeutic potential of these peptides remains underutilized. This review summarizes recent scientific evidence from preclinical studies and clinical trials to evaluate the physiological effects of protein hydrolysates and purified peptide fractions. This highlights emerging findings on their impact across multiple biological systems, with a particular focus on metabolic health, cardiovascular regulation, and immune function.

Microcytic anemia (MA) is common in older adults (OA) with a significant impact on quality of life and survival. We explore current knowledge on the subject.

Frailty, a prevalent geriatric condition marked by reduced physiological reserve and greater vulnerability to stressors, is increasingly linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. This review summarizes current evidence on mitochondrial quality control, bioenergetics, and signaling in frailty, with emphasis on biomarker discovery and translational potential.

Vitamin B12 deficiency is a common yet frequently underdiagnosed condition in older adults. The growing aging population is experiencing an increasing burden of geriatric syndromes, such as cognitive impairment, frailty, and falls. The aim of this review is to synthesize current evidence on the relationship between B12 deficiency and age-related clinical outcomes to guide early recognition and management.

To describe typical amino acid signatures for cardiometabolic risk and to discuss whether such signatures are a cause or merely a consequence of increased cardiometabolic risk.

Gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as a modulator of the biology of aging. Several preclinical studies suggest that dysbiosis, typically arising in the older age, is associated with osteoporosis and sarcopenia. This review examines the recent findings on the mechanistic aspects of the gut-bone and gut-muscle axes in aging and provides a critical overview on their translation to clinical practice.

This review summarizes the current literature around sex-based differences in adaptations to diet and exercise in older adults. This review is timely as there is continued debate around the necessity of sex-based interventions across the lifespan.