Hypoglycemia remains a major barrier to optimal glycemic control in diabetes. Counter-regulatory hormonal responses, particularly those involving the pituitary and adrenal systems, play a central role in mitigating hypoglycemia, yet differences between diabetes subtypes are not well characterized. We aimed to investigate pituitary-target gland responses to hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Osteoporosis is a common complication among thyroid cancer survivors; however, predictive tools for this condition remain inadequate. This study aimed to develop time-to-event prediction models for assessing osteoporosis risk in thyroid cancer patients.

Osteoporotic fractures pose a significant burden in aging populations, yet current assessment strategies may overlook systemic factors influencing bone health. Emerging evidence suggests that complete blood count (CBC) parameters, including red blood cell indices, white blood cell (WBC) counts and subtypes, and platelet counts, are associated with skeletal fragility and fracture risk. Anemia has been consistently linked to reduced bone mineral density and increased fracture susceptibility, potentially due to impaired oxygen delivery and osteoblast dysfunction. Elevated red cell distribution width may reflect oxidative stress and has been associated with bone loss. Inflammatory markers such as high WBC count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio are implicated in enhanced osteoclast activity, while platelet abnormalities may influence bone remodeling and fracture healing. These associations suggest that CBC-derived markers could serve as accessible and cost-effective indicators to support osteoporosis evaluation. However, important limitations remain, including undefined clinical thresholds, limited longitudinal evidence, and uncertain causality. Further research is needed to clarify underlying mechanisms and determine whether correcting hematological abnormalities can improve skeletal outcomes. A cautious, evidence-based approach is warranted to define the role of CBC parameters in the clinical assessment of bone health.

Despite the critical role of vitamin D in various biological processes, its impact on frailty-a condition closely linked to biological age-remains inconclusive. This study aimed to explore the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH] D) levels and frailty status in older Korean adults, utilizing a comprehensive frailty index (FI) and a nationally representative dataset.

Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) is a key cardioprotective lipoprotein. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how ApoA-I relates to ischemic risk across glucose metabolism statuses in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This study investigated whether glucose metabolism status influences the association between ApoA-I and ischemic risk in CAD patients.

Despite the rising incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Korea, no predictive model or nomogram has been developed using a nationwide cohort. In this study, we developed a nomogram to predict the long-term risk of ESRD in patients with T2DM using a large-scale, population-based Korean database.

This study investigated the independent and joint impacts of the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) and frailty index (FI) on all-cause and cause-specific mortality in patients with diabetes.

Insulin resistance (IR) disrupts hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, contributing to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and progression to severe liver complications. Galectin-3-binding protein (LGALS3BP) is a secreted glycoprotein implicated in inflammation and metabolic disorders. Elevated LGALS3BP levels are associated with MASLD and type 2 diabetes (T2D), but its role in IR remains unclear.

Research applying machine learning and deep learning has become increasingly common in medicine. However, for clinicians lacking Python programming skills, conducting such research has often been an intractable task-even when ample data were available. The emergence of 'vibe coding' in 2025 has substantially lowered this barrier to entry. This review defines vibe coding, provides a taxonomy of its available tools, and illustrates its practical application through several use cases. Vibe coding is a goal-oriented process in which the user focuses on the desired outcome, issuing natural language directives for environment setup, functionality specification, and output format. The generative artificial intelligence (AI) then produces and refines the underlying code through an interactive feedback loop. Tools such as generative AI platforms (e.g., ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude), graphical user interface-based agents (e.g., Memex, Replit), AI-augmented editors (e.g., Cursor, Visual Studio Code), and command-line interface (CLI) agents (e.g., Gemini CLI, Codex CLI, Claude Code) are available. Demonstrative case studies using publicly accessible datasets illustrate how clinicians can generate and refine Python scripts for classification tasks with minimal coding expertise. Researchers are encouraged to select an accessible tool and gain hands-on experience with real-world data. The adoption of these tools by clinicians, residents, and medical students may promote broader engagement with machine learning and accelerate medical research.

Tirzepatide has demonstrated greater efficacy than semaglutide in improving glycemic control and reducing body weight in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the optimal tirzepatide dose following a switch from 1.0 mg of semaglutide remains unclear. This retrospective study included 15 T2DM patients who switched to tirzepatide due to inadequate weight loss. All patients started tirzepatide at 2.5 mg, with escalation to either 7.5 mg (n=10) or 10 mg (n=5). Changes in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and body weight were assessed over a 3-month period. The 10 mg group experienced a significant reduction in HbA1c (-0.7%±0.3%, P<0.01) and a non-significant trend toward weight loss (-6.6±5.4 kg, P=0.07). In contrast, no significant changes were observed in the 7.5 mg group. There were no statistically significant differences between groups. Since 10 mg of tirzepatide significantly improved glycemic control after switching from 1.0 mg of semaglutide, early escalation to 10 mg may be beneficial for patients who respond inadequately to semaglutide.

Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to increased risks of fractures and cardiovascular (CV) events, but the clinical relevance of the 'insufficiency' range remains unclear. We investigated CV and fracture risks across vitamin D levels, with a focus on the insufficiency range.

Dyslipidemia remains a central modifiable risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). While 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, commonly known as statins, as well as ezetimibe, fibrates, and omega-3 fatty acids have established roles in lipid lowering, significant residual risk persists in many patients due to insufficient low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction, elevated triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and genetically determined elevations of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)). Recent years have witnessed remarkable advances in therapeutic modalities, including next-generation small molecules, monoclonal antibodies, protein-based infusions, and ribonucleic acid (RNA)-based strategies. These agents target diverse pathways such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3), apolipoprotein C-III, apolipoprotein B, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and Lp(a), achieving potent lipid modulation with improved convenience and safety. Clinical outcome trials have validated bempedoic acid, PCSK9 inhibitors, and icosapent ethyl, while large-scale programs are ongoing for obicetrapib, oral PCSK9 inhibitors, Lp(a)-targeted oligonucleotides, and ANGPTL3-directed RNA therapeutics. This review summarizes the mechanisms, pivotal trials, and clinical implications of innovative lipid-lowering therapies, highlighting how they may reshape future treatment algorithms for ASCVD prevention.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are environmental pollutants that may impair maternal and fetal health by disrupting hormonal systems, including the thyroid. Both iodine deficiency and excess are associated with thyroid dysfunction and adverse obstetrical outcomes. However, the combined impacts of EDCs and iodine exposure on maternal-fetal thyroid homeostasis remain undetermined. We established the Investigating Birth and Thyroid Outcomes of Maternal-Fetal Environmental Exposures (IBM-E) cohort to prospectively assess the effects of maternal exposures to dietary iodine and EDCs on thyroid function, pregnancy complications, and offspring growth and development.

The association between high thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) titers at diagnosis and long-term outcomes following prolonged antithyroid drug (ATD) therapy in Graves' disease (GD) remains unclear. This study examined TRAb dynamics and outcomes in high-titer patients receiving prolonged ATD.

Progranulin (PGRN) is an important regulator of inflammation, insulin resistance, and autophagy. However, the effects of PGRN deficiency on these processes in the kidneys and liver in diabetes remain unclear. In addition, the differential effects of PGRN deficiency and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on these organs are unknown.