Cancer is a widespread disease that often causes severe pain, significantly reducing patients’ quality of life and increasing the overall burden of the illness. Managing cancer pain effectively remains a major clinical challenge. Metabolism is a fundamental biological process that involves both the breaking down of substances to produce energy (catabolism) and the building of complex molecules (anabolism). Cancer cells exhibit altered energy metabolism, including glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, glutaminolysis, and lipid metabolism. Emerging research suggests that these metabolic changes can amplify cancer pain through specific signalling pathways, such as AMPK and PI3K/AKT. Targeting these metabolic pathways offers a promising approach for pain relief. This review explores the link between cancer pain and energy metabolism, highlighting potential new therapeutic strategies aimed at metabolic targets.

Liver cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy, and bone metastasis is a severe complication that negatively affects prognosis and quality of life. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying liver cancer bone metastasis remain poorly understood. This review examined recent advances related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs), with a focus on surface markers, interactions within bone marrow (BM) niche, and relevant signaling pathways. Liver cancer bone metastasis is driven by EMT activation, CTC dissemination, and LCSC colonization in BM niches. Surface markers such as CD133, CD44, CD90, CD13, EpCAM, and OV6 contribute to tumor heterogeneity, dormancy, and therapy resistance. Key processes such as BM homing, osteolysis, and immune suppression are regulated through the osteoblast-osteoclast-cancer stem cell (OB-OC-CSC) axis and CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling. Dormancy-regulating molecules, including Annexin II, GAS6, osteopontin, TSP-1, tenascin C, and fibronectin, further determine CSCs' quiescence or reactivation. These insights highlighted the complexity of liver cancer bone metastasis, and suggested potential therapeutic strategies targeting EMT, LCSCs, and OB-OC-CSC crosstalk. Future studies are encouraged to validate marker functions in clinical cohorts, elucidate dormancy-exit mechanisms, and explore immunomodulatory interventions to overcome microenvironment-mediated resistance.

Strokes represent a significant global health concern, with ischemic stroke being the most prevalent and deadly form. The pathogenesis of ischemic stroke involves complex mechanisms, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and cell death. This study presents a computational design of novel GluN2B-selective N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor antagonists with potential therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative disorders.

The ethyl acetate extract of Wenxia Formula (WFEA) is the most effective antitumor component of the Wenxia formula. Its key active components, emodin and quercetin, exhibit unique advantages in targeting TGF-β1 and regulating the function of Tregs. This study explored the mechanism of WFEA in enhancing the immune environment in lung cancer by influencing immune cell balance and the level of cytokines.

Skin wounds represent a worldwide problem. Biopolymers have been attracting interest in healthcare products for wound dressing. Among these, bacterial nanocellulose membranes (BNC) are attractive for their unique structure, but they lack antimicrobial activity. Thus, the incorporation of the monoterpenes Carvacrol (Car) and Thymol (Thy) - which present antimicrobial and healing properties - toward the improvement of skin wound healing, consists of an appealing approach. This research aimed to produce and characterize nanocellulose membranes containing carvacrol and/or thymol, and investigate their release behavior, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial properties.

A novel class of nanomaterials known as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) changes the potential in modern medicine. AgNPs are rapidly gaining significance in therapeutic applications ranging from tissue engineering to drug delivery systems due to their strong antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the biomedical potential of AgNPs, physical, chemical and biological features that allow for regulated release mechanisms, improved bioavailability, and selective cellular targeting. Considering their obvious promise, there are significant challenges due to concerns about longterm exposure, toxicity, and regulatory uncertainty. We cover new developments, clinical studies, and safety evaluations, providing a balanced perspective of the advantages and disadvantages of AgNP or drug-based therapies. This review proposes a framework for scientists, physicians, and legislators to harness the full therapeutic power of silver nanoparticles while directing associated risks.

Lung cancer continues to be a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, underscoring the urgency for innovative and targeted drug discovery strategies. This review critically explores the role of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) modelling, particularly its integration with artificial intelligence (AI), in accelerating the identification and optimization of lung cancer therapeutics. Recent progress in multi-target approaches, machine learning (ML) algorithms with mathematical representations, and molecular descriptor engineering has been analyzed, with a special focus on clinical translations. Rather than offering a generic overview, we evaluate how AI-powered QSAR addresses key bottlenecks in drug development, such as data imbalance, model interpretability, and ADMET prediction failures. Notable case studies are examined to highlight translational success stories in lung cancer-specific pathways. This review offers a cohesive synthesis of current advancements, identifies critical gaps and limitations, and proposes future directions for enhancing the real-world applications of QSAR methodologies in oncological drug discovery.

This study aimed to explore the mechanisms by which interleukin-10 (IL- 10) influences tumorigenesis through T regulatory cells (Treg) regulation.

The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the Central Nervous System (CNS) by regulating what enters and protecting the brain from inflammation and damage caused by harmful molecules. The disruption of the BBB is a characteristic feature of several neurodegenerative disorders and is intimately linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Ellagic Acid (EA), a polyphenolic molecule present in several fruits and nuts, has attracted interest due to its significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective characteristics. This review examine recent findings on how EA might help keep the BBB healthy and reduce brain damage. EA works by increasing the levels of tight junction proteins, boosting antioxidant processes, and managing cell death pathways. The review also discusses EA's limited bioavailability and emphasises the therapeutic potential of its gut-derived metabolites, urolithins, which demonstrate enhanced stability and cellular transport. Although EA has considerable potential as a neuroprotective drug, its translational use necessitates more research into its pharmacokinetics, delivery mechanisms, and therapeutic effectiveness. A comprehensive understanding of EA's molecular processes, especially in brain microvascular endothelial cells, may provide innovative therapeutic approaches for safeguarding the BBB and addressing neurodegenerative disorders.

1,3,4-Thiadiazole is a multiform heterocyclic compound whose expansion in the field of medicinal chemistry is due to its unique structure and a variety of biological activities. The fivemembered ring system which contains sulfur and nitrogen atoms and is a hallmark scaffold for the manufacture of pioneering therapeutic agents, is the basic element of this compound. The 1,3,4- thiadiazole group exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, anticonvulsants, antivirals, and antioxidants. This compound is a great candidate for drug discovery as it is a simple molecule subject to synthesis and interact with many different targets found in organisms. This paper aims to review recent research findings on this nucleus, highlighting the structural modifications of various thiadiazole derivatives for diverse pharmacological activities. Furthermore, this review also examines patents from 2019 to 2024 on thiadiazole derivatives for their applications in various diseases. Through the explication of the latest advancements and the comment on new trends, this study spotlights the capability of 1,3,4- thiadiazole as a core ring for the advancement of next-generation drugs.

Oxidative stress plays a critical role in many diseases, making it essential to study its impact on disease progression. However, clinical trials have many limitations and, in some cases, may not be possible at all. In this case, the development of in vivo models is highly anticipated. This is especially relevant for neurodegenerative diseases. Drosophila melanogaster models have a number of advantages over many other animal models, including the availability and costeffectiveness of breeding, the accumulated knowledge of the Drosophila genome, and the ability to manipulate a large number of individuals. The latter allows for rapid screening and in-depth studies of potential therapeutic agents, including natural compounds with antioxidant activity. This review describes genetic models of such pathologies as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease and hereditary spastic paraplegia created on Drosophila melanogaster. Studies conducted on such models are presented with an emphasis on the role of oxidative stress analysis. Oxidative stress is proven to be a link between neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. In addition, studies on Drosophila melanogaster have been analyzed, in which the prospects of natural compounds as therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases have been demonstrated.

Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases aims to slow disease progression, alleviate symptoms, and improve life quality. Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs) have emerged as a promising treatment for neurodegenerative diseases that can be easily obtained from adipose tissues. Their abundance, accessibility, and potential for multilinear differentiation make them an attractive candidate for regenerative medicine. ADSCs can release neurotrophic factors, modulate neuroinflammation, and potentially differentiate into neurons, giving hope for neuronal repair and replacement. Preclinical studies have shown the efficacy of several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injuries. ADSC has demonstrated the potential to improve functional results, promote neurogenesis, induce tissue integrity, and reduce neuron loss. Clinical trials are still underway, but evidence of the effectiveness of ADSC in neurodegeneration is still being developed. The first clinical studies focused on safety and feasibility and achieved promising results. Optimizing cell transmission, controlling tumor growth, standardizing treatment protocols and such challenges remain. Current research is aimed at addressing these obstacles and transforming ADSC therapy into a widespread clinical practice. This review focuses on the characteristics, problems, and future approaches of ADSC in the context of neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutic processes.

Prostate cancer is among the most prominent malignant tumors in the male population, characterized by growing morbidity, a high fatality rate, and currently limited therapeutic options, necessitating the urgent development of novel clinical medications. The objective of the current study was to examine the therapeutic potential of zingerone in prostate cancer cells.

Cancer is a prevalent public health issue and a significant global problem. Patients receive different treatments, including Western Medicine (WM) and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). This review article aims to discuss a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), "Celastrol," its traditional design, modification, and nano-drug delivery systems for the treatment of cancer.

Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous chronic brain disorder driven by multiple pathophysiological processes. While dopaminergic theories dominate current therapies, emerging evidence highlights glutamatergic dysregulation, particularly N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction, as a key mechanism alongside dopaminergic, serotonergic, and neurodevelopmental pathways. This article synthesizes mechanistic insights, focusing on neurotransmitter disruptions, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and Wnt signaling, to elucidate the clinical diversity of schizophrenia and identify biomarkers for precise diagnostics and therapeutics.

Pharmacodynamic interactions are relevant in improving drug efficiency without a significant increase in the effects due to toxicity and, in most, are associated with polypharmacy. Mechanisms that govern pharmacodynamic interactions are additive, synergistic, and also antagonistic. Additive drug interactions refer to effects similar to a summation of effects resulting from administering a pair of drugs or a series, while synergistic describes a heightened response much above what one might have aspired to in light of expectations about additivity. However, the antagonistic effect may weaken therapeutic activity at times. Mechanistic pathways like receptor binding, enzyme inhibition, and modulation of signaling pathways were also studied to bring out their relevance in clinical applications. The manuscript is conscious of the role of patents and clinical trials in understanding pharmacodynamic interactions. Patents provide insight into new drug combinations and mechanisms, and the same interaction gets validated through the outcome of clinical trials. Examples that prove clinical relevance have emerged through the synergy in the usage of the drugs for oncology, cisplatin and etoposide, or the additive effect of aspirin and clopidogrel in preventing thrombotic events. The transformative approaches applied in developing drugs include network pharmacology, epigenetics, and receptor crosstalk. In this review, the pharmacodynamic interactions, by integrating mechanistic insights with clinical data, patents, and case studies, explicitly underpin pharmacodynamic interactions as a factor that enhances drug safety, efficacy, and therapeutic precision.

African swine fever virus poses a persistent threat to the global pork industry owing to its severe impact on animal welfare, the economy, and food security. Currently, no antiviral medicines are available, and biosecurity measures, such as quarantine and culling, have proven insufficient, often resulting in further economic losses. Given the widespread impact of ASFV, there is an urgent need to explore and develop new treatment strategies to mitigate its spread.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder with a complex pathology. Until now, there is no generally effective treatment for AD. Isatin is a natural alkaloid whose derivatives have shown a wide spectrum of biological activities. This molecule is also the basic scaffold for several compounds with useful biological properties against AD. In this review, for the first time, we focus on the anti-AD properties of isatin derivatives. We tried to present comprehensive data about their structure and mechanism of action. Results showed that indirubins, isatin Schiff Bases, and spiro derivatives of isatin were the most studied molecules. The most studied targets were the glycogen synthase kinase-3, cholinesterases, and amyloid beta aggregation. It was concluded that isatin could be considered an important scaffold for the development of new anti-AD compounds.

Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) are distributed in the brain, and they are particularly dense in the hippocampus. The two receptors are implicated in stress-related psychiatric diseases, such as anxiety, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and depression. This study aims to investigate the alterations in neurological behaviour and the expression of GRs and MRs in male offspring from prenatal stress-exposed dams that were subjected to chronic stress.