Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a significant global health challenge. While first-line treatments with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved patient outcomes, the selection of effective second-line therapies remains unclear. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of regorafenib as a second-line option in advanced HCC patients post-progression on ICI-based therapies.

The prevalence of sarcopenia tends to be high in patients with biliopancreatic disease. Sarcopenia is a risk factor of poor prognosis in patients with acute and chronic pancreatitis and biliary tract and pancreatic cancer. Several studies have suggested that sarcopenia may be a risk factor for perioperative complications and decreased recurrence-free or overall survival in patients with biliary tract and pancreatic cancer after surgery. Sarcopenia in biliary tract and pancreatic cancer may also increase chemotherapy-induced toxicities and worsen quality of life and survival in neoadjuvant or palliative chemotherapy. Moreover, sarcopenia is a risk factor for biliary stent occlusion in patients with malignant biliary obstruction, predictors of the efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided celiac plexus neurolysis (EUS-CPN) for pain relief, EUS-guided drainage, and endoscopic necrosectomy for walled-off necrosis (WON). Diagnosis of sarcopenia prior to the treatment of biliopancreatic diseases and endoscopy may predict treatment efficacy, and appropriate nutritional and exercise therapy improve therapeutic outcomes of patients with biliopancreatic diseases.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) may induce acute self-limiting illnesses or persistent infections. Chronic hepatitis E frequently occurs in immunocompromised persons, including organ transplant recipients, HIV-positive patients, and those with hematological malignancies. It poses a risk of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.

For early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), curative therapies include surgical excision and radiofrequency ablation. Other treatment modes for advanced HCC involve transarterial chemoembolization. For HCC patients who do not fit the Milan criteria or are waiting for liver transplantation (LT), studies of transarterial radioembolization with Yttrium-90 (Y-90) demonstrated that Y-90 may accomplish a good downstaging or bridging effect before LT and can even achieve complete pathological necrosis. The present review discussed Y-90 radioembolization as a local regional treatment option for advanced and unresectable HCC, with a focus on neoadjuvant intervention before LT.

Liver transplantation (LT) provides an option to radically eliminate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on the premise that recipients are thoroughly evaluated for posttransplant tumor recurrence risk before operation. This study aimed to optimize the Milan criteria (MC) by combining circulating prognostic markers, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP).

Sarcopenia is associated with poor prognosis in liver transplantation, but the prognostic value of broader body composition indicators in patients undergoing liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma requires further investigation. This study aimed to explore their critical role in the precision evaluation system.

Biliary stent placement during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is important for drainage in common bile duct (CBD) strictures, while the stent length is associated with many stent-related complications. We aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) model for stent length selection during ERCP.

Giant cell arteritis (GCA), the most common systemic vasculitis affecting elderly individuals, currently lacks specific therapies. This study aimed to systematically identify therapeutic targets for GCA through integration of large-scale multi-omics datasets.

Laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy of segment 7 (LAH-S7) is a challenging surgery. In this study we aimed to investigate surgical and oncological outcomes of various approaches of LAH-S7 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A particular focus was placed on identifying the Glissonean pedicle of segment 7 (G7) and the intersegmental plane. Given the scarcity of comprehensive reviews or comparative studies on clinical outcomes, we also sought to analyze the experiences and advantages associated with different approaches in relation to the anatomic variations of G7.

Liver is prone to viral infection. Viral hepatitis can be roughly divided into hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. Accurate diagnosis of viral hepatitis is crucial for accurate treatments. Different types of biomarkers, including non-invasive biomarkers have been explored for the diagnosis of viral hepatitis. With the fast development of multi-omics technology, non-invasive biomarkers can be detected from blood, saliva, urine, stool, and other body fluids. The advantages of non-invasive biomarkers are: 1) non-invasive; 2) convenient to test and 3) repeatable. The application of non-invasive biomarkers significantly improves the diagnostic accuracy of viral hepatitis. The non-invasive biomarkers can be sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, and even microorganisms. In this review, we summarized recent advances in identifying non-invasive biomarkers using multi-omics technology and discussed their potential diagnostic values for viral hepatitis.

Minimally invasive distal pancreatectomy (MIDP) is increasingly being used, although its oncologic safety for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains controversial. In Japan, MIDP for PDAC has limited endorsement due to insufficient data. This study aimed to compare the perioperative and long-term outcomes of open distal pancreatectomy (ODP) and MIDP for PDAC.

Organ transplantation faces a persistent mismatch between the number of available donor organs and the growing demand for transplants. Conventional preservation techniques primarily focus on delaying deterioration rather than actively restoring organ function, especially at the mitochondrial level, a key site of injury during ischemia-reperfusion. Mitochondrial transplantation, a novel regenerative strategy, offers a compelling solution by delivering viable mitochondria to damaged tissues ex vivo, particularly during machine perfusion. This approach not only improves bioenergetic recovery and reduces oxidative stress but also reconditions marginal organs to meet transplantation standards. Preclinical studies across heart, lung, and kidney models demonstrate the potential of mitochondrial transplantation to bridge preservation and repair, expanding the transplantable organ pool. This review highlights mitochondrial transplantation as a transformative intervention poised to reshape the future of organ preservation and transplant viability.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), leading to growing interest in their integration into liver transplantation (LT) protocols. Their use in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings aims to expand transplant eligibility, improve downstaging and/or bridging options, and reduce tumor recurrence. However, the balance between oncologic benefit and immunologic risk, particularly graft rejection, remains a critical challenge.

The analysis and prediction of pancreaticobiliary reflux (PBR) play a crucial role in planning surgical interventions for hepato-biliary-pancreatic diseases, considering the uncertain mechanism behind it. However, current practices are limited by fragmented clinical observations, making it challenging to visualize the complex phenomenon in the pancreaticobiliary junction (PBJ) through imaging and radiography experiments. This study aimed to comprehensively describe the retrograde flow characteristics in various PBR scenarios and assess the factors leading to PBR using simulations based on idealized geometry and boundary conditions.