Electrospinning is a technique that utilizes high voltage to produce polymer nanofibers with adjustable morphology, extensive surface area, and interconnected porosity, rendering them highly suitable for biomedical applications. A prominent application of these fibers is in localized drug delivery, where they enable prolonged and targeted release. This review discusses various ELS techniques, each offering distinct advantages for incorporating small molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, either during the fiber formation process or through subsequent processing. Critical formulation factors such as polymer type, solvent, molecular weight, flow rate, and environmental conditions significantly influence fiber properties and drug release patterns. The review also highlights material selections and therapeutic applications in areas such as ocular, oral, dermal, and probiotic delivery, as well as in wound healing and tissue engineering.

Wearable biosensors based on high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) technology are revolutionizing healthcare by enabling real-time, noninvasive monitoring of physiological parameters via biochemical markers present in biofluids like sweat, tears, saliva, and interstitial fluid. The exceptional properties of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, such as high sensitivity, excellent biocompatibility, and superior thermal resilience, make them perfect for flexible, skin-friendly wearable sensor devices. Advancements in electrochemical sensing technologies have noticeably enhanced the ability to detect various biomarkers, such as metabolites, bacteria, and hormones. These innovations are further enhanced by integrating microfluidic systems, flexible materials, and miniaturized components, which increase the comfort and efficiency of wearable devices. Clinical implementation and large-scale analyses are necessary to establish the capability and stability of these devices. The expanding reach of artificial intelligence (AI) is boosting the adoption of wearable biosensors, enabling data transmission through wireless communication technologies. AI is increasingly being used to analyze physiological data, providing users with personalized health insights. This paper reviews the recent advancements in wearable biosensor technology, providing its potential to enhance personalized healthcare and addressing current challenges of these devices that hinder their wider adoption and practical implementation.

Magnetic Particle Spectroscopy (MPS) is a highly sensitive, label-free technique for detecting biomolecular interactions through the nonlinear magnetization of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). This study presents a comparative performance evaluation of four commercial carboxyl-functionalized MNPs: Resovist®, Perimag®, Synomag®, and SHP-30 (Ocean NanoTech), to assess their biosensing suitability using MPS. Measurements at 5, 15, and 25 kHz in water, glycerol, and agarose characterized medium- and frequency-dependent relaxation: SHP-30 exhibited predominantly Brownian relaxation with the highest sensitivity to hydrodynamic size changes; Perimag® showed slower Brownian behavior with reduced sensitivity; Resovist® was predominantly Néel-dominated; and Synomag® displayed mixed relaxation. For biosensing efficiency, all four MNPs were conjugated with H1N1 hemagglutinin protein via EDC-NHS chemistry, and bio-conjugation was confirmed by FT-IR (amide I/II) and DLS (increased hydrodynamic size). ICP-MS quantified the retained iron content after conjugation and washing, and all samples were normalized to the same iron mass for MPS measurement. Frequency-tuned MPS measurements identified that SHP-30 exhibited significantly greater signal suppression at low frequencies (∼7.74 kHz) upon protein binding, enabling protein detection limit down to 10 nM. Collectively, these findings establish SHP-30 as a highly sensitive and efficient candidate for biomarker-conjugated MPS diagnostics, with potential utility in infectious disease detection and point-of-care applications.

Intravascular nanorobotic interventions in the neurovasculature are a promising yet challenging frontier in medical technology. This study addresses the challenge of precise control over nanorobots within the Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA), particularly under conditions of significant stenosis (80.1%) that complicate flow and navigation. Despite advances in magnetically actuated nanorobots for targeted therapies, achieving fine-grained control in complex vascular environments remains a critical issue. To address this, we propose a novel tri-coil electromagnetic system that uses three independent coils to generate dynamically modulated magnetic fields, enabling precise control of nanorobot motion. Coils 1 and 3 create evolving magnetic fields, while Coil 2 maintains a static field to shape the overall force application. A mathematical model was developed and implemented to optimize the system, demonstrating its ability to manipulate nanorobots within stenosed M2 MCA vessels. Our approach achieved high precision, allowing a lateral shift of the nanorobot trajectory with a magnetic field intensity of 40 mT. This tri-coil system offers a significant advancement in nanorobotic navigation and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases through minimally invasive techniques.

Pesticides are widely used in food cultivation and have become one of the most important means of ensuring the development of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry. At the same time, pesticide residue detection technology needs to be updated to provide a scientific and effective basis to cope with the problems arising from the use of pesticides. As a new type of nicotine insecticide, acetamiprid is widely used in agricultural production. This paper reports a fluorescent biosensor based on graphene oxide and G-quadruplex that can be used for the determination of the target acetamiprid. It contains a specific DNA probe that can form the G-quadruplex structure and the nucleic acid sequence of the acetamiprid aptamer as the main element. The probe is stabilized and adsorbed by the π-π interaction of graphene, achieving the variation of the assay results. The optimal sequences designed for rapid screening of nucleic acids were modeled and simulated using bioinformatics tools such as NUPACK and AutoDock prior to the experiment. The detection limit of acetamiprid was 165.5 pM, which was much lower than the national food safety standard residue of 0.05 mg/kg. The sensor has the advantages of obvious economic value, fewer steps and shorter detection time. It has great application prospects in the field of food safety.

Photocatalytic decomposition has attracted much attention due to its great potential in removing antibiotics from aqueous solutions. The aim of this study is to evaluate photocatalytic degradation for the destruction of the antibiotic penicillin G, which is widely used in human and veterinary medicine, in aqueous solutions. This study utilized a NiFe2O4@MoO3 nanocomposite, synthesized via a green method using Pulicaria Gnaphalodes extract, for the photocatalytic degradation of penicillin G in aqueous solutions. Analysis of XRD, FT-IR, FESEM, VSM, DLS, and EDX-mapping confirmed successful synthesis of the nanocomposite with a size below 100 nm. Various parameters such as pH, catalyst dosage, penicillin G concentration, and contact time were optimized to enhance the efficiency of the NiFeO@MoO nanocomposite in removing penicillin G. About 68% of penicillin G was decomposed under optimal conditions (pH = 9, nanocomposite dose: 0.8 g/L and penicillin G concentration: 10 mg/L). The results suggest that the photocatalytic process using the NiFeO@MoO nanocomposite is a promising method for the removal of penicillin G antibiotics from water.

Transdermal drug delivery has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional invasive methods, offering advantages such as reduced pain, lower infection risk, and improved patient compliance. However, the influence of age-related skin topography, particularly wrinkle-induced variations, on delivery efficacy in terms of time delay and geometry-dependent total dose remains underexplored. This study presents a computational investigation of iontophoretic drug transport using hollow conical microneedles, focusing on age-variant skin profiles characterized by sinusoidal wrinkle patterns. The transdermal delivery of the ionic dermatological agent Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate is modeled at initial concentrations of 1-5 mg/L, using microneedle lengths of 100 μm and 150 μm. The spatial and temporal concentration profiles of drug diffusion within the dermis are simulated over a 30-minute period. COMSOL Multiphysics is employed to optimize microneedle and electrode design parameters by analyzing applied power, terminal resistance, and the time constant of drug permeation. Skin resistance is modeled across a 1000 μm surface span under three distinct skin conditions: a) smooth/flat skin, b) increased wrinkle amplitude (deeper crests), and c) increased wrinkle frequency (denser undulations). The results provide quantitative insights into how microneedle geometry and age-related skin surface morphology influence iontophoretic transport efficiency. This study offers design guidelines for age-responsive microneedle systems and informs future regulatory considerations in developing transdermal biomedical devices.

This paper presents a novel optically controllable molecular communication (MC) transmitter (TX) design based on vesicular nanodevices (NDs), functionalized for controlled signaling molecule release via transmembrane proteins. All system components are chemically realizable, bridging the gap between MC theory and practical implementation. The NDs enable optical-to-chemical signal conversion, making them suitable as externally controllable TXs in various MC systems. The proposed design comprises two cooperating modules, namely an energizing and a release module, allowing the release of different signaling molecules depending on the module configuration. We introduce a general system model and provide a detailed mathematical analysis of a specific TX realization, deriving both exact and approximate analytical expressions for the released signaling molecule concentration, which are validated via numerical methods. The proposed model also accounts for the impact of buffering media commonly present in experimental or in-body environments. We further incorporate the impact of multiple NDs and parameter randomness inherent to vesicle synthesis into our model. The proposed models for single and multiple ND scenarios enable system parameter optimization, aiding the future experimental realization of the proposed MC TXs.

Silver doping into zinc oxide nanoparticles (Ag-ZnO NPs) were prepared via the co-precipitation method. The XRD analysis revealed the hexagonal structure characteristic of ZnO nanoparticles. The diminishing intensity of the peaks in Ag-ZnO NPs' XRD pattern indicated the successful incorporation of Ag metal within the ZnO lattice. Elemental composition validation was performed through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), while FTIR spectroscopy elucidated the functional groups present in both ZnO and Ag nanoparticles. A judicious approach of 3% silver doping was employed to overcome silver's toxicity potential at higher concentrations. Remarkably, the Ag-ZnO NPs exhibited exceptional, reusable photocatalytic prowess over four cycles in the degradation of methylene blue. Furthermore, the Ag-ZnO NPs showcased potent antibacterial efficacy against select pathogens, including Escherichia coli ATCC 27853, Salmonella typhi CT18, Staphylococcus aureus NCTC8325, and Bacillus subtilis QST 713. Notably, these nanoparticles also exhibited significant anticancer activity against Hep-G2, a human hepatoma cell line. Silver-doped zinc oxide emerges as a promising asset against wastewater dye pollution and holds promising applications in liver cancer.

This study examines the adsorption efficacy of bentonite nanoparticles for removing Trimethoprim (TMP) and Penicillin G (PNG) antibiotics from aqueous solutions, emphasizing cost-effectiveness and operational efficiency. The bentonite nanoparticles, characterized by a surface area of 210-250 m2/g and a point of zero charge (pH ${}_{\text {zpc}}\text {)}$ of ~6, demonstrated optimal performance under acidic conditions (pH 3). At an adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g/L, initial antibiotic concentration of 100 mg/L, and contact time of 90 minutes (25°C), maximum adsorption capacities of 36.07 mg/g (TMP) and 39.43 mg/g (PNG) were achieved. Adsorption kinetics adhered to a pseudo-second-order model (R ${}^{{2}} =0.97$ for TMP; R ${}^{{2}} =0.99$ for PNG), suggesting chemisorption as the rate-limiting step. Isotherm studies aligned with the Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich models, indicating heterogeneous surface interactions and predominantly physical adsorption mechanisms.

Drug delivery to the brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been a challenge for drugs unable to passively diffuse through it. Various parameters of the drugs contribute to the potency to cross the barrier made up of tight junctions of the epithelial cell membrane. For drugs with low permeability, novel nanoscale drug carriers have been developed to enhance delivery into the brain by circumventing the BBB. The carriers are fabricated in nanoscale for better penetration of the tight junctions in BBB. Understanding the physiology of the blood-brain barrier and the mechanism of molecular transport across it is crucial for designing effective drug carriers. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) modeling is a powerful tool for simulating the permeability of drugs and drug carriers across the BBB. The perfusion-limited kinetics and permeability-limited kinetics are two key equations that describe the transport of the drug into the brain and aiding in the determination of whether surface modifications to the drug carrier are necessary to improve the permeability. This review discusses the mechanisms of molecule transfer across the BBB, the parameters that filter drugs from the blood, the role of nanocarriers in enhancing permeability, the significance of PBPK modeling in extrapolating ${\boldsymbol {i}n}~\boldsymbol {vivo}$ permeability data of the drugs, and the recommended surface modifications to optimize drug delivery to the brain.

In this work, we consider a three-dimensional slow diffusive heterogeneous media-based mobile molecular communication (MC) system, with the communicating devices as point transmitters and passive spherical-shaped receiver nanomachines (NMs). For the considered slow diffusive MC system, we propose a time-varying stochastic diffusivity-based model for communicating devices and information-carrying molecules, and we characterize the mobile MC channel by the channel impulse response (CIR) and derive its mean. For the considered slow and stochastic diffusivity-based mobile MC system, we propose a novel silence-based multi-type hybrid transmission scheme, which combines communication through silence (CtS) with molecular shift keying (MoSK) and concentration shift keying (CSK) and we derive the closed-form expression for the average probability of error. For the slow diffusive environment, we compare the proposed transmission scheme with the position and concentration-based run-length aware, MoSK, and CSK transmission schemes. For the proposed silence-based multi-type hybrid and considered position and concentration-based run-length aware transmission schemes, we design their respective optimal threshold detectors. The proposed scheme outperforms and shows robust behavior in the presence of inter-symbol interference.

Pancreatitis is a serious condition characterized by increased in α-amylase concentration in the blood serum. We designed and developed of a point-of-care device for estimating α-amylase levels using CdS/ZnS quantum dots (QDs). QDs were synthesized, capped with polyethylene glycol, and conjugated with starch, a substrate for α-amylase. The quantum quenching effect was determined by adding artificial blood serum (ABS) with varying concentrations of α-amylase. A handheld fluoroscopic device was developed to estimate emission intensities relating to the quantum quenching effects. The device demonstrated excellent sensitivity with an R value of 0.966 and a detection limit of 49.76 U/L with a linear range of 42-420 U/L. When compared to CNPG3 method, Pearson's correlation coefficient was -0.98, showing an inverse relation to each other. The developed device was tested with ABS. It showed promising results in laboratory conditions. However, the device needs to be clinically validated before deploying for detection of acute pancreatitis, especially in remote areas, and it can be further improvised with wireless technology and spectral sensors.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by stem cells are nanoscale carriers of bioactive compounds with regenerative and immunomodulatory capabilities similar to those of their parent cells. Their therapeutic potential outperforms traditional stem cell therapies by lowering hazards such tumorigenicity and allowing for precise delivery. To provide a high-efficiency platform for selectively isolating stem cell EVs from minimal serum quantities while overcoming the constraints of traditional approaches such as ultracentrifugation, we developed an immunoaffinity-based capture system utilizing SiO₂ wafers functionalized with gold nanoparticles (GNPs), polyethylene glycol (HS-PEG-COOH), and stem cell-specific antibodies. The platform was evaluated to isolate EVs from 20 μL serum samples. The technique efficiently and selectively isolates EVs, including stem cell-derived subtypes, with yields of up to 10⁸ particles. Western blot testing demonstrated high purity and low protein contamination, demonstrating the capture mechanism's selectivity. This nanoparticle-enhanced platform allows for scalable, high-purity EV extraction from small sample volumes, which aids in downstream molecular analysis and therapeutic development. Its capacity to distinguish across EV subtypes has potential in personalized medicine, regenerative therapies, and non-invasive diagnostics.

As a non-contact physical intervention technique, pulsed magnetic field (PMF) has been shown to regulate cell membrane permeability. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear, and their permeabilization efficiency is relatively low. Building on the advantages of magneto-mechanical regulation with magnetic nanoparticles, this study proposes combining PMF with magnetic nanoparticles. By leveraging magneto-mechanical force (MMF) as the central mechanism, the aim is to enhance cell permeabilization rate through optimization of the applied force magnitude. First, a theoretical analysis of the forces acting on magnetic nanoparticles was performed to guide particle parameter selection. Next, the effects of PMF alone and its combination with magnetic nanoparticles on cell membrane permeability were examined through in vitro experiments. Finally, fluorescence probes were used to investigate the biochemical mechanisms underlying cell permeabilization induced by both treatments. The permeabilization experiment results showed that the combined treatment significantly enhanced cell permeabilization. Compared to PMF treatment alone, the half-maximal effective dose decreased by 27.85%, and the rate of change in permeabilization rate increased by 49.7%. Fluorescence staining further revealed that, unlike the biochemical pathways activated by PMF treatment alone, the combined treatment caused multiple disruptions in cytoskeletal microfilaments, confirming that it induced cell permeabilization through a physical mechanism involving mechanical stress. This study leveraged the MMF generated by magnetic nanoparticles under PMF to regulate cell membrane permeability, providing a novel approach for precise control of cell membrane permeability based on physical parameters.

The development of reliable point-of-source devices for soil nutrient profiling holds the key to unlocking maximum agricultural output while promoting sustainable practices with minimal environmental impact. The dynamic nature of the soil, its testing protocols, and multistep pre-processing of samples results in time-dependent responses from the sensors increasing the testing time and cost requires additional peripheral equipment. Thus, portability along with precision gets affected simultaneously. Moreover, signal processing, data generation, and acquisition also compromise the soil nutrient assessment. In this work, a standalone device was developed with an alternate soil nutrient quantification protocol for nitrate and potassium, leveraging the capillary forces in the cellulose substrate owed to porous architecture and inter-cellulose fiber voids to eliminate conventional protocols like extraction, centrifugation, and filtration (to eliminate matrix effects) to achieve single-step soil nutrient quantification. Additionally, the use of external 24-bit analog-to-digital conversion (ADC), a quick 2-point calibration smartphone was employed to increase the resolution of the measurements and accuracy of the nutrient measurements. Compared to traditional soil testing methods, the proposed system demonstrated a detection limit and quantization limit of 0.1 mM, with a linear response range of 0.5-21 mM for potassium and 0.2-1.4 mM for nitrate. Precision tests across 15 reuse cycles showed average variability below ±5%, confirming the reliability and repeatability of the sensor. The proposed approach can have broader implications such as the development of portable, low-cost, processing-free, and reliable soil nutrient sensors for in-field applications.

Operant conditioning is a learning mechanism by which animals adapt to its external environment and past experiences. In the field of artificial intelligence, DNA strand displacement (DSD) technology has performed well in various aspects. Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) are constructed using stochastic DSD technology to study operant conditioning, and the simulation results are verified by Visual DSD software. In this paper, the DSD technology is utilized to construct CRNs to achieve different kinds of of learning and forgetting processes and generalization in operant conditioning. A comparative analysis is carried out on the four simulation results, and the peak acquisition values of each experiment are compared. The stochastic DSD technology is used to design stochastic CRNs to construct probabilistic decision making systems. The two-way probabilistic decision making of and the three-way probabilistic decision making of animal behaviors are studied. This paper presents the weight variations for each experiment in tabular form. Finally, a comparative analysis is conducted on the probabilistic outcomes of the two-way and three-way probabilistic decision-making experiments. CRNs can be used to achieve realistic behaviors in engineered bionic systems. It provides a direction for the integration of biology and psychology.

DNA strands have been used recently as one of the ideal materials in molecular computation because of the fascinating properties of these molecules, like high parallelism and programmability. Several architectures are proposed in recent years for design DNA-based logic gates. These gates have improved through time in several properties like scalability, time responsiveness, output quality, and material utilization. However, as their fundamental limitations, these gates are considered to be disposable, and also, can impose high costs. The mentioned issues can decrease their practicality. Hence, in recent years, researchers have proposed several methods to address these limitations. However, the reported methods have some drawbacks, such as low restoration quality and degraded output concentration. Also, some of these gates use the dual-rail design that results in high complexity and cost. This paper introduces a design scheme to solve the disposability of a DNA-based gate with better gate-restoration and output quality compared to the addressed methods considerably. So that, in this work successful to restoration the gate up to the 90% than existing methods, and achieved the output quality about four-fold than the previous method. Moreover, it uses the single-rail method for representing the inputs and output signals that decrease the manufacturing cost of the system.

Three-electrode miniaturized interdigitated system (IDEs) for electrochemical measurements with enhanced sensitivity and performance was reported here. The system included a reference electrode, a counter electrode, and a working electrode, all configured as interconnected electrodes. Present work focused on optimizing the number of working electrodes and their geometric parameters to achieve peak performance, with bench marking system Potassium Ferricyanide. This optimization addressed the critical interplay between capacitance, resistance, sensitivity, and aspect ratio. Unlike previous configurations where the reference electrode was separated from the interdigitated design, the present approach integrates the reference electrode into the interdigitated configuration, greatly increasing sensitivity. Despite using a low-cost conductive material such as carbon PLA (polylactic acid) for 3D printed (3DP) electrodes, in a three-electrode interdigitated system, the current observed at the oxidation peak showed a significant increase of 97-98%, while the reduction peak exhibits an increase of 65-66% compared to the two-electrode interdigitated system. The screen-printed (SP) electrodes used for design validation exhibited minimal variation in cycles in a two working electrode interdigitated configuration. This progress highlighted the potential of interconnected electrodes in developing susceptible and efficient electrochemical sensors.

Prostate cancer (PCa) presents a significant challenge globally due to drug resistance and the severe side effects linked to conventional treatments. In this study, we developed vincristine-loaded nanoliposome-based lipids derived from Pseudomonas putida bacteria (VCR-NLPs) utilizing a thin-layer method. The produced bacteria-lipid-based nanoliposomes represented a critical advancement in drug delivery, offering superior drug encapsulation, controlled release, and enhanced biocompatibility. VCR-NLPs were thoroughly characterized, displaying a spherical morphology with an average particle size of approximately 145 nm, a final zeta potential of -13.1 mV, and a biphasic release profile of VCR. The formulation exhibited efficient drug loading, with 50% release at pH 7.4 and 70% at pH 6, reflecting pH-responsive release behavior tailored to the acidic tumor microenvironment, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Our flow-cytometric analysis confirmed an efficient induction of late-stage apoptosis in PC3 cells after treatment with VCR-NLPs. These findings suggest that Pseudomonas putida-Lipid-based VCR-NLPs offer a promising nanocarrier system for targeted prostate cancer therapy, due to inducing controlled release of VCR and improving biocompatibility of it, for clinical treatments.

Molecular Communication (MC) utilizes chemical molecules to transmit information, introducing innovative strategies for pharmaceutical interventions and enhanced immune system monitoring. This paper explores Molecular communication-based approach to disrupt Quorum Sensing (QS) pathways to bolster immune defenses against antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Quorum Sensing enables bacteria to coordinate critical behaviors, including virulence and antibiotic resistance, by exchanging chemical signals, known as autoinducers. By interfering with this bacterial communication, we can disrupt the synchronization of activities that promote infection and resistance. One of the key points is a discussion of the RNAIII-inhibitor (RIP) that blocks RNAII and RNAIII synthesis in the Accessory Gene Regulator (AGR) system, being important transcripts determining the production of toxins and immune evasion in Staphylococcus aureus. This interference in effect cripples the bacterial defensive mechanisms against immune responses hence promoting the host capability to recognize and kill the pathogen. In addition, QS inhibitors such as RIP can be combined with established antimicrobials to synergistically lower the necessary dose of the latter agent to alleviate the resistance selective pressure. Overall, this MC-based method does not only focus on taking care of bacterial virulence on a communication level but also allows to create an environment that promotes a more effective and stronger immune response, which seems a highly encouraging trend in managing resistant bacterial infections.