This study investigated whether lifelong bimodal bilingualism could enhance cognitive functioning in two nonlinguistic domains: executive control and visuospatial attention. Three groups participated in the study: bimodal bilinguals-hearing "children of deaf adults" (CODA) using Polish Sign Language and Polish spoken language, unimodal bilinguals (using two spoken languages), and monolinguals (using one spoken language). Participants performed two versions of the flanker task: a flanker task with different spatial gaps (stimulus eccentricities) between target and flanker stimuli, and an attention network test with different degrees of stimulus lateralization (relative to the central fixation). The two tasks assessed the behavioral efficiency of conflict resolution and spatial processing under different visuospatial demands. The results showed that bimodal and unimodal bilinguals did not differ significantly in the efficiency of conflict resolution, while both bilingual groups outperformed monolinguals. Secondly, bimodal bilinguals showed specific modulatory effects in visuospatial processing, compared to both unimodal bilinguals and monolinguals. In conclusion, contrary to previous claims, the current findings suggest that lifelong bimodal bilingualism might provide an effective "training" augmenting specific aspects of both executive control and visuospatial attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The year 2025 marked the 50th anniversary of the (JEP:HPP). JEP:HPP started as a standalone journal in January 1975 under the editorship of Michael Posner. The semicentennial birthday is a special occasion and warrants a special recognition. To celebrate, the editorial team curated a series of articles that explored the impact, the reach, and the value of research published in JEP: HPP. The articles were published throughout 2025. While scientific journals are often evaluated through metrics like impact factor, our celebratory articles show that the influence of JEP:HPP extends far beyond such simple measures. The 27 articles that made up the celebratory series demonstrated the vast reach and diverse influence of research published in JEP:HPP, crossing millennia from Plato to modern feminism to address questions ranging from perception of beauty (Grzywacz, 2025), music (Prpic, 2025; Sears, 2025), human reasoning (Fischhoff, 2025), and language acquisition (Nazzi, 2025) to attention (Olivers et al., 2025; Sauter, 2025; Zhang et al., 2025), representation of space (Yamamoto & Phillbeck, 2025), mental imagery (Martarelli & Mast, 2025), working memory (Olivers et al., 2025), cognitive (Logan, 2025), and attentional control (Montakhaby Nodeh, 2025), as well as social perception and action (Ferier & Heurley, 2025; Hafri & Papeo, 2025; Oswald, 2025). The anniversary series of articles included seven invited literature reviews, three editorial perspectives, and 17 readers' perspectives. Each contribution gave a window into a finding, a researcher, and a time. We got a peek into research from 50 years ago-the ways in which "subjects" were tested, data were plotted, and graphs were physically printed. The authors shared the story of data, how they came about, and how they continued to "live" in the literature. This capture of time, from 1975 to today, was one of the motivating factors in planning the celebratory series. The idea was to honor not only the journal but also people connected to the journal over those 50 years- those who led the journal, those who published in the journal, and, of course, those who read the journal. Thus, as the series celebrated the contributions of research published in JEP:HPP, it also celebrated the community of researchers making JEP:HPP, the diversity of our research questions, opinions, methods, and data, as well as the unity with which we converge in our keen interest in understanding the human mind. The editorial team received enthusiastic contributions from both established and up-and-coming junior scientists who are just embarking on a career journey similar to that taken by their predecessors. And while the two groups may differ in their training and methodological affinities, they appear to share the same passion and fire for scientific discovery (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The is commemorating its 50th anniversary. To celebrate, this commentary examines the adoption of open science practices as a function of the editorial policies implemented in the journal over a period of 8 years (2016-2023). Between 2016 and 2017, no open science policy was in effect. Accordingly, the rates of materials/data/code sharing and preregistration were nearly zero in published articles. In 2018, policy changed requiring sample size justification and recommending the inclusion of open science practices. This produced almost 100% sample size justification compliance between 2019 and 2020 and an increase in the adoption of all open science practices. Finally, in 2021, the journal adopted the Transparency and Openness in Publishing guidelines. Between 2022 and 2023, the adoption of all open science practices further increased, with over 88% of articles sharing their data and about half sharing the analysis code. This analysis shows that editorial policies can have a pivotal role in driving authors toward more transparent and replicable practices in their published articles. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

A long line of research has investigated vigilance decrement, the decline in the sustained attention performance over time. Overload perspectives suggest this decrement results from cognitive resource depletion because of task load, while underload perspectives attribute it to attention disengagement from tasks that are inherently underarousing and monotonous. Based on these two perspectives, this article investigates whether background music influences arousal and task load, thereby affecting vigilance performance. Across two experiments that were conducted in 2023 and 2024, we systematically examined the effects of music presence and different types of music (liked, disliked) on performance during an abbreviated and visually taxing vigilance task. We analyzed the roles of arousal, boredom, task load, task engagement, and personality traits (extraversion, boredom proneness). Our results did not fully align with either the overload or underload perspectives. We discuss these findings within alternative theoretical frameworks, offering new insights into the complex dynamics of vigilance and attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Reports an error in "The best fitting of three contemporary observer models reveals how participants' strategy influences the window of subjective synchrony" by Kielan Yarrow, Joshua A. Solomon, Derek H. Arnold and Warrick Roseboom (, 2023[Dec], Vol 49[12], 1534-1563; see record 2024-22272-001). In the article (https://doi.org/10.1037/ xhp0001154), "2" was missing before "l" in four equations. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2024-22272-001.) When experimenters vary the timing between two intersensory events, and participants judge their simultaneity, an inverse-U-shaped psychometric function is obtained. Typically, this is first fitted with a model for each participant separately, before best-fitting parameters are utilized (e.g., compared across conditions) in the second stage of a two-step inferential procedure. Often, simultaneity-function width is interpreted as representing sensitivity to asynchrony, and/or ascribed theoretical equivalence to a window of multisensory temporal binding. Here, we instead fit a single (principled) multilevel model to data from the entire group and across several conditions at once. By asking 20 participants to sometimes be more conservative in their judgments, we demonstrate how the width of the simultaneity function is prone to strategic change and thus questionable as a measure of either sensitivity to asynchrony or multisensory binding. By repeating our analysis with three different models (two implying a decision based directly on subjective asynchrony, and a third deriving this decision from the correlation between filtered responses to sensory inputs) we find that the first model, which hypothesizes, in particular, Gaussian latency noise and difficulty maintaining the stability of decision criteria across trials, is most plausible for these data. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Tucker and Ellis (1998) is a seminal work in perception-action binding research. By using manipulable objects in more realistic contexts, their study has offered profound insights into the neurocognitive processes involved in our daily interactions with tools. They were the first to highlight the action potentiation effect. Subsequent research has specified the conditions under which the effect can be observed, evolved the paradigm, and adapted response devices to address other types of questions related to the motor dimension of cognition. Over the past 25 years, their contribution has significantly advanced research and ignited extensive debates on embodied, plastic, and proactive models of cognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Retrospective attention refers to the prioritization of contents held in working memory, a process investigated using the retro-cueing paradigm. This process is evidenced by the retro-cueing benefit, characterized by better performance for retrospectively cued trials. However, traditional statistical analyses fall short in distinguishing between decisional and nondecisional processes underlying this benefit. A pivotal contribution by Shepherdson et al. (2018) addressed this gap by applying drift-diffusion modeling which integrates both accuracy and reaction time measures to disentangle these processes. Their key contribution lies in demonstrating that retro-cues enhance the quality of working memory contents and enable their retrieval in advance of decision making-effects that occur independently of shifts in decision criteria. Building on Shepherdson et al.'s work, we encourage future drift-diffusion model-based retro-cueing studies to pursue precise, mutually exclusive hypothesis testing and to integrate behavioral and neural data to more clearly distinguish between competing explanations of the retro-cueing benefit. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The attentional blink (AB) refers to the outcome where in a rapidly presented stream of stimuli observers are unable to successfully report the second of two previously defined targets relative to an otherwise identical control condition where the first target does not require report. The first AB article was published in the in 1992 and in the ensuing 32 years has garnered the interest of many researchers spanning multiple disciplines and experimental approaches, both basic and applied. Moreover, it has attracted the attention of a variety of social media whose authors have appropriately and in some cases inappropriately used the AB to account for human behavior. Perhaps one of the most important outcomes of this research has been to shift the focus from the study of spatial attention to include that of attention over time, or temporal attention. Given the upcoming 50th anniversary of , the journal has asked the original authors to reflect on the history of attentional blink research. We wish to acknowledge that such reflection must be bounded by space and time (pun intended) limitations so apologies to those authors whose undoubtedly important research we were unable to cover. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

How does the visual system achieve efficient information selection under limited processing capacity is a fundamental question in cognitive psychology. Through three experiments, the present study reveals a time-constrained two-stage visual selection mechanism. Experiment 1's color search tasks demonstrated bilinear Search Time × Set Size functions, with a clear kink point at 50-100 ms after stimulus onset, showing shallower slopes (2.7-10.4 ms/item) before versus steeper slopes (10.7-20.7 ms/item) after, indicating two distinct processing stages. Experiment 2 extended these findings to digit search: despite capacity differences (color = 7.6 vs. digit = 3.8 items), the critical kink point time remained stable (60-70 ms), suggesting cross-stimulus generalizability. Experiment 3 disrupted this bilinear pattern by delaying search onset, confirming its time dependence. Individual analyses showed unimodal kink point time distributions (peak 60-80 ms) but multimodal set-size distributions, indicating time-driven stage transitions. These findings establish that visual selection has a time-based parallel-to-serial transition, and the early parallel stage has a stimulus-dependent capacity. This two-stage selection model integrates the core tenets of the Guided Search model and attentional window theories, offering a new perspective for the architecture of visual information processing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Are eye movements miscalibrated when the distance to be crossed is misperceived? The two-visual-stream hypothesis posits that while perception is influenced by visual context and thus prone to illusions, actions rely on context-independent metrics and are thus unaffected by such distortions. In contrast, empirical evidence consistently shows that saccadic eye movements are influenced by the Müller-Lyer illusion. However, this finding could be explained by saccades being attracted toward the figure's center of gravity, while perceptual distortion would result from distinct mechanisms. To disentangle these effects, we conducted four experiments ( = 114) between 2022 and 2025, measuring the amplitude of saccades performed along horizontal lines embedded in Müller-Lyer figures carefully designed to control for center-of-gravity biases. Results showed that both saccade amplitude and length judgment were systematically modulated by the illusion beyond what could be attributed to changes in the actual center of gravity, its saliency, or computation time. Additionally, the illusion's influence on saccade amplitude diminished after a longer previewing time (2,000 ms) compared to a shorter one (50 ms). These findings support the hypothesis that perception and oculomotor behavior rely on a shared visual representation that is influenced by contextual information but becomes more precise with increased processing time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The production of a word is delayed by the recent production of one or more semantically related words. This phenomenon, known as semantic interference, has been observed in picture naming tasks involving either large sets of pictures named once (continuous naming) or small sets of pictures named repeatedly (blocked-cyclic naming). It has been attributed to an adaptive learning mechanism that operates after each naming episode. However, the interference develops differently in these tasks: It is cumulative in continuous naming and noncumulative in blocked-cyclic naming. It has been suggested that the small local response sets in blocked naming are easily identified and stored in working memory, which then introduces an additional process that constrains the interference. We reasoned that this process would be less effective as the local response sets increased in size, resulting in cumulative interference. In blocked naming experiments involving local response sets of 10 or 19 items, we found that the interference did not increase continuously; rather, it carried on across more presentations than for the typically used small sets. This finding lends support to the notion of a control mechanism that operates gradually and interacts with an adaptive learning mechanism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

People vary widely in how strategically they guide their attention during visual search. What drives this variation? We contrasted two possibilities: one in which individuals are predisposed to attend to different stimulus aspects, and another in which individuals flexibly choose their strategies depending on the task parameters. Using the adaptive choice visual search paradigm, we measured participants' search strategies while probing various display features to index how participants attended the displays. Experiment 1 showed that participants who attended the stimulus properties that are essential for the optimal search strategy-specifically, the numerosity subset information-exhibited more optimal performance. In Experiment 2, we made the subset information irrelevant for optimal task performance and found no relationship between attention to the subsets and search optimality, which is consistent with the strategic choice account. Experiment 3 encouraged attention to the subset information without explicitly requiring optimal search. Results showed a small but significant boost in optimality, suggesting that overcoming a reluctance to engage in numerosity judgments fosters better strategy use. Overall, these results help to explain individual variation in attentional strategy use, with optimal searchers judiciously directing their attention to process the critical stimulus properties while nonoptimal searchers avoid doing so. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Negative valence images benefit memory tasks as well as visual statistical learning (VSL) tasks. Another factor that strongly drives memory performance: image memorability-an inherent property of the image regarding its likelihood to be remembered across observers. Here, we examined the influence of image memorability and emotional valence on VSL and the potential role of memorability explaining the benefit of negative valence in VSL tasks. In three VSL experiments, participants viewed a stream of repeating triplets of images. Importantly, the triplets were constructed of varying images in their emotional valence and memorability scores. Memorability significantly influenced VSL performance, with high-memorability images enhancing learning compared to low-memorability images. The benefit of negative valence was also replicated but emerged only under low-memorability conditions. Similarly, when valence was held constant, the effect of memorability was evident only for neutral images. These findings indicate that memorability is a robust and consistent driver of VSL. However, its influence is not fixed, it can be modulated by emotional valence and cannot fully account for the benefit seen with negative emotion. Taken together, our study provides new insights into the role of image memorability in VSL and highlights the importance of considering its interaction with emotional valence in incidental visual memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Studying numerical interferences has become a widely used method for investigating the representations that underlie numerical cognition. Here, we contrast the classic pure approximate number system (ANS) framework and a more recently proposed hybrid approximate number system-discrete semantic system framework with respect to their distinctive predictions for the nonsymbolic and symbolic spatial numerical associations of response codes (SNARC) effect (the most extensively studied interference between numbers and space). We compare the symbolic (Indo-Arabic numerals) to the nonsymbolic (arrays of dots) version of a SNARC paradigm ( = 77). In contrast to previous studies, in the present experiment, (a) the magnitude is irrelevant for solving the task (a color judgment task), and (b) the nonsymbolic stimuli contain arrays of dots outside the subitizing range, ensuring to activate the ANS. We found clear evidence for the SNARC effect in the symbolic color task. However, we found no indication of the SNARC effect in the nonsymbolic color task. This pattern of results supports the hybrid approximate number system-discrete semantic system framework, assuming that the SNARC interference is a symbolic effect while refuting the pure ANS view of the SNARC effect, which necessitates the presence of the SNARC interference using a nonsymbolic format, too. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

In 1992, this journal published one of the most influential articles in the field of visual space perception and action ("Visual Space Perception and Visually Directed Action" by Jack Loomis, José Da Silva, Naofumi Fujita, and Sergio Fukusima). Loomis et al. showed that in the scale of space that accommodates ambulatory locomotion, perception of locations and that of the distance between them are dissociated. This dissociation is particularly notable when the perceived locations form an interval that is parallel to an observer's sagittal body axis: While the interval appears to be much shorter than it physically is, indication of its two ends through action-based measures (e.g., walking to them without vision) yields no evidence of such perceptual foreshortening. The current article briefly reviews the literature that follows this discovery and discusses its lasting influence. In particular, the authors focus on the view articulated by Loomis et al.-open-loop motoric tasks are particularly useful for measuring perception of ambulatory space-and point out that it continues to be relevant to cutting-edge research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Humans and nonhuman animals can anticipate the timing of events to react fast and accurately, an ability called temporal preparation. Events in the environment can be initiated either externally or voluntarily, yet research on temporal preparation has so far focused mainly on externally initiated events. This study examined how voluntary actions influence temporal preparation for visual stimuli. Across four experiments conducted between 2022 and 2024, we compared reaction times using variable and constant foreperiods (FPs). In each experiment, target stimuli were self-initiated (action task) or externally initiated (external task), with FPs ranging from 0.6 to 2.8 s. Participants performed a go/no-go task (Experiment 1) or an orientation discrimination task (Experiments 2-4). We observed slower reaction times for self-initiated stimuli than for externally initiated stimuli, particularly at shorter FPs. The effect diminished as FP duration increased. This pattern was observed only in variable-FP experiments, indicating an interaction between voluntary actions and FP variability. In contrast, a constant-FP experiment did not show significant differences between action and external tasks. These findings suggest that voluntary actions influence temporal preparation in the presence of temporal uncertainty. We discuss how these results relate to current theories of temporal preparation, proposing new perspectives on the role of voluntary actions in shaping anticipatory behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Traditionally, cognitive psychology has viewed attentional control-the process of selecting information for perception, cognition, and action-as a deliberate, resource-demanding process governed by immediate goals. However, significant advances over the past few decades have broadened our understanding of how attention is controlled. A particularly groundbreaking insight is that attentional control can be learned and once acquired can be automatically executed in response to environmental cues. Key studies contributing to this paradigm shift have been published in the . This article reviews several of these pivotal studies and discusses potential future directions for the field. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Reports an error in "Submentalizing: Clarifying how domain general processes explain spontaneous perspective-taking" by Mark R. Gardner and Lisa Thorn (, 2025[Jan], Vol 51[1], 7-19; see record 2025-50561-001). The article (https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0001250), had the incorrect open access license listed in the author note due to a processing error. The correct open access license for the article is CC BY 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2025-50561-001.) Demonstrations of spontaneous perspective-taking are thought to provide some of the best evidence to date for "implicit mentalizing"-the ability to track simple mental states in a fast and efficient manner. However, this evidence has been challenged by a "submentalizing" account proposing that these findings are merely attention-orienting effects. The present research aimed to clarify the cognitive processes responsible by measuring spontaneous perspective-taking while controlling for attention orienting. Four experiments employed the widely used dot perspective task, modified by changing the order that stimuli were presented so that responses would be less influenced by attention orienting. This modification had different effects on speed and accuracy of responding. For response times, it attenuated spontaneous perspective-taking effects for avatars as well as attention-orienting effects for arrows. For error rates, robust spontaneous perspective-taking effects remained that were unaffected by manipulations targeting attention orienting, but contingent upon there being two competing active task sets (self- and other perspectives). These results confirm that attention orienting explains response time effects revealed by the original version of the dot perspective task. Error rate results also reveal the crucial role played by domain-general executive processes in enabling selection between perspectives. The absence of independent evidence for implicit mentalizing lends support to a revised submentalizing account that incorporates executive functions alongside attention orienting. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

We present new evidence on the role that action representations play in the speeded naming of tools/utensils. In a series of experiments (minimum sample size = 30), participants held in working memory (WM) a sequence of two hand actions, both of which involved a particular hand (left or right) and orientation of the wrist (horizontal or vertical). While under this load, participants named objects that had a horizontal or vertical handle aligned to the left or right. Naming time was elevated when the WM load and the object's handle were congruent on one dimension (hand or orientation) but incongruent on the other, relative to when both dimensions were congruent or incongruent. We assumed that features of the action sequence in WM, including the laterality and wrist orientation of the hand postures, are bound together. If just one of these features (say, hand laterality) is recapitulated in the object presented for naming, a mismatching feature (in this instance, wrist orientation) would automatically be retrieved from WM. The resulting conflict induces a delay in the naming response (partial-repetition cost). No such effect was observed when the task required a decision about the upright/inverted status or the semantic category of an object (i.e., whether the tool/utensil is typically found in a kitchen or garage). Furthermore, no partial-repetition cost occurred on a speeded reach-and-grasp action afforded by the handle of a depicted object. We infer that the effect of action features in WM occurred because motor representations were directly consulted for name retrieval. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Our attention is influenced by past experiences, and recent studies have shown that individuals learn to extract statistical regularities in the environment, resulting in attentional suppression of locations that are likely to contain a distractor (high probability [HP] location). However, little is known as to whether this learned suppression operates in retinotopic (relative to the eyes) or spatiotopic (relative to the world) coordinates. In the current study, two circular search arrays were presented side by side. Participants learned the HP location from a learning array presented on one side of the display (e.g., left). After several trials, participants shifted their gaze to the center of the test array (e.g., located on the right side) in which all locations were equally likely to contain the distractor. Due to the saccade, the test array contained both a spatiotopic and a retinotopic matching location relative to the original HP location. The current findings show that, following saccadic eye movements, the learned suppression remained in retinotopic coordinates only, with no measurable transfer to spatiotopic coordinates. Even in a rich environment, attentional suppression still operated exclusively in retinotopic coordinates. We speculate that learned suppression may be resolved by changing synaptic weights in early visual areas. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The sense of agency is a fundamental aspect of human experience. Temporal binding, the subjective compression of the perceived time interval between an action and its outcome, has previously been assumed to be an implicit measure of the sense of agency. Here, we investigate whether the characteristic directionality of the temporal binding effect is consistently present at the individual level. We first deaggregated the data from three temporal binding data sets and systematically reanalyzed and revisualized these effects at the individual level. This analysis revealed consistent differences in the directionality of the temporal binding effect at the individual level. We next implemented a validated Bayes factor mixed-method modeling approach (Rouder & Haaf, 2021), which simulated individual true effects in two additional data sets and determined that the observed differences in directionality remained after accounting for sampling noise. Model comparison determined that the least constrained model, that is, the one that allowed for individual differences in the magnitude and directionality of the effect, was the best fitting model. These results provide strong support for the presence of qualitative differences in the temporal binding effect. Implications for both the theoretical and applied future of this literature are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).