ChemistryOpen

Multiple-Use Microplate Assay for Submicromolar Ultra High-Throughput Separation of Amines Based on their Degree of Substitution
Vezse P, Tóth T, Huszthy P and Golcs Á
Small-molecule amines, typically studied in their more stable and water-soluble protonated forms, are of central importance in drug discovery. Their structural diversification often relies on N-alkylation, yielding mixtures of analogs with varying degrees of substitution-posing a key challenge for purification. While advanced chromatographic techniques exist, no high-throughput, broadly applicable alternative has emerged that aligns with the capabilities of automated synthesis. Here, a reusable microplate-based assay enabling ultra-high-throughput, parallel separation of protonated amines-including alkyl-, aryl-, and aralkylamines-at submicromolar levels is reported. The method exploits a covalently immobilized tris(pyridino)-crown ether selector, which forms reversible host-guest complexes by H-bonds, which differ with the degree of N-substitution. This supramolecular recognition strategy eliminates the need for compound-specific method development, derivatization, or preparative-scale quantities. In addition, the present article introduces a generally applicable surface-functionalization protocol for customizing standard commercial microplates into molecular recognition platforms. The present approach resolves key limitations of current separation technologies-such as high energy use, low integration with liquid-handling systems, inevitable sample dilution, and time-intensive workflows-offering a transformative tool for rapid and efficient purification directly compatible with modern synthesis pipelines.
Impact of Al Concentration on Montmorillonite Sedimentation: Insights Into Particle Size Behavior
Zhao H, Liu L, Yuan X, Pang Q, Yao L, Gao B, Li Y, Han L, Yang Y, Yu W, Li Z, Yu Y and Qu J
Particle size is crucial for sedimentation processes. However, there is limited research on how varying particle sizes influence the sedimentation of fine-grained particles. This study examined the aggregation behavior of two types of montmorillonite particles with different sizes under different concentrations of Al. The findings indicated that the sample of fine particles exhibited a more rapid reduction in turbidity and a greater increase in the absolute value of surface potential across various Al concentrations. Despite this, both samples achieved comparable final supernatant turbidity, sediment layer height, and residual particle size, suggesting that the enhancing effect of Al on the sedimentation of fine-grained montmorillonite is limited by particle size. Different concentrations of Al result in the formation of hydroxyl compounds and hydroxides that adsorb onto mineral surfaces, promoting the sedimentation of finer-grained montmorillonite in the sample of fine particles. DLVO theory confirmed that the electrical double layers of the samples of coarse and fine particles gradually diminished under the influence of Al, effectively enhancing the aggregation of montmorillonite. Furthermore, thermodynamic analysis suggested that particles smaller than 500 nm do not settle further, even with the addition of aluminum ions.
Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of Benzothiazole Compounds From Vinamidinium Salts
Khosravi Z, Mehranpour A, Mohammadizadeh MR, Kojya G and Arimitsuc S
In this study, the condensation reaction between vinamidinium salts and Z-2-hydrazineylidene-3-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazole is described for the synthesis of 1,3-bis((3-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)hydrazineylidene)propan-2-ol (BBTA) or 1-((1Z,3E)-1-(dimethylamino)-3-(((Z)-3-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)hydrazineylidene)prop-1-en-2-yl)pyridin-1-ium (DMBT). A noteworthy aspect of the synthesis of these derivatives is that the structure of the vinamidinium salt acts as the determining factor for the type of product formed. Specifically, phenyl-substituted vinamidinium salts predominantly lead to the formation of symmetric BBTA derivatives, whereas pyridinium-based vinamidinium salts favor the production of asymmetric DMBT compounds. The reaction was carried out in the presence of triethylamine as the base and acetonitrile as the solvent under catalyst-free conditions. The structure of the new products was confirmed based on their spectral data, including H NMR, C NMR, IR, mass spectrometry, high-resolution mass spectrometry and X-ray analysis.
Progress on the Application of Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity for the Adsorption of Organic Contaminants
Omorogie MO
This review reports the progress on the utilizationof polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) for the adsorption of pharmaceuticals (PCs) and organic dyes. PIMs are exceptional porous organic polymers that possess copious contortion sites and rigid fused-ring structures induced by spirocentric molecules (two cyclic rings sharing one tetrahedral carbon). The availability of these contortion sites inhibits bond flexibility, bond rotation, and structural relaxation of PIMs in their solid state. This has led to the intrinsic microporosity, high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda surface areas, pore radii, pore volumes, high permeability, high diffusivity, high selectivity, and high thermal stability. PIMs comprise a cascade of girthy ladder-like building blocks connected to the spirocentre as a result of inflexible backbone stereochemistry. Research progress has shown from a thorough literature survey that the adsorptive properties of PIMs and their functionalized analogs have not been extensively explored for the removal of PCs and organic dyes in contaminated water. To date, there exists scanty literature on the adsorption of PCs in contaminated water. In prospect, research efforts have to be intensified so as to establish vast applications of PIMs for the treatment of water contaminated with PCs and organic dyes.
Microwave-Assisted Organic Syntheses in Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Win-Win Association for Sustainable Chemistry
Delaye PO, Salami C and Thiery E
The 12 principles of green chemistry guide the scientific community toward the development of chemical processes that are more respectful of the environment and safer for human health. In organic synthesis, this mainly involves the use of sustainable alternatives to conventional organic solvents, energy-efficient processes, and waste minimization. In this context, this review focuses on the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) in microwave-assisted organic synthesis. Indeed, DES, due to their nonvolatility, nonflammability, and low toxicity compared to conventional organic solvents, are considered desirable "green solvents" for the development of environmentally friendly processes. Moreover, their physicochemical properties make them ideal media for microwave heating. Thus, all organic syntheses using DES as solvent and microwave heating documented in the literature are reported, including heterocycle synthesis, nitrogen quaternization reactions, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural production, Knoevenagel reactions, and miscellaneous transformations. The recyclability of DES-based systems and their scalability, where applicable, are reported. Mechanistical considerations when DES are involved are also described. Compared with conventional heating methods, microwave heating of DES media generally results in good yields and a significant reduction in reaction times. This DES-MW combination appears promising for more sustainable organic syntheses.
Computational Evaluation of Statin Analogs Targeting HMG-CoA Reductase for Coronary Artery Disease Treatment
Mtulo YB, Deogratias G, Mgaya JE, Paluch AS and Paul L
Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of global mortality. While statins are pivotal in managing risk, most research focuses on their derivatives. This study provides a novel computational evaluation of statin analogs, addressing a significant literature gap. Our comprehensive in silico approach, integrating ADMET profiling, molecular docking, and extensive 200-ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, investigated the pharmacokinetic behavior, binding affinities, and structural stability of five statin analogs against HMG-CoA reductase. ADMET analysis showed that analogs of simvastatin, lovastatin, and pravastatin have favorable pharmacological profiles and low toxicity. While docking showed that simvastatin and lovastatin analogs had the strongest affinities, MD offered critical mechanistic insights. The unbound enzyme exhibited significant conformational flexibility. In contrast, binding induced a superior stabilizing effect, confining the protein to a single, compact, low-energy state, as confirmed by free energy landscape analysis. This ligand-induced rigidity is a powerful indicator of enhanced inhibitory efficacy and stability. Our findings highlight that statin analogs are a promising class whose unique binding dynamics offer a new, rational pathway for designing more effective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
Salinity Effect in Permeability of Salt in Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membranes
Lachheb A, El Attar A, Addar FZ, Kouda I, Zouhri N, Touir J, Taky M and Tahaikt M
In Morocco, water resources are increasingly under threat due to population growth, economic expansion, and climate change. Among the proposed solutions, brackish water desalination using membrane technologies such as nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) with low-pressure membranes presents a promising alternative. This study evaluated the impact of salinity on the performance of two nanofiltration membranes (NF270 and NF90) and one reverse osmosis membrane (TM710) using three semisynthetic brackish water samples with salinities of 2, 4, and 6 g L. Ion transfer mechanisms, particularly for sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl), were analyzed using the Spiegler-Kedem (SK) and Kedem-Katchalsky (KK) mathematical models. Additionally, the effects of salinity on diffusion flux (Jdiff), convection-induced concentration (Cconv), reflection coefficient (σ), and solute permeability (Ps) were examined. Results indicate that the NF270 membrane exhibits the highest permeate flux, while NF90 and TM710 perform similarly. For all three membranes, permeate flux decreases almost linearly as feed water salinity increases. Regarding total dissolved solids (TDS) rejection, the TM710 membrane achieves the highest removal efficiency, followed by NF90 and then NF270. The NF270 membrane shows greater convective transport than NF90, with both diffusive and convective fluxes increasing with salinity. In contrast, the TM710 membrane operates primarily through diffusion, with TDS having little effect on its diffusion flux. NF90 and TM710 exhibit similar σ and Ps values for sodium and chloride ions, independent of TDS, highlighting the NF90's similarity to a reverse osmosis membrane. In contrast, for NF270, the sodium reflection coefficient (σ) increases with TDS, while solute permeability (Ps) rises for both ions due to a decline in retention efficiency.
Impact of Electrolyte Temperature on Solution-Combustion Synthesized NiO/Ni Nanoparticles as Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalyst
Kumari EP, Kumar A, Tarlochan F and Al-Marri MJ
Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is an important half-cell reaction in water electrolysis; however, its sluggish kinetics and high overpotential limits efficiency, require highly active and stable catalysts. This study explores the effect of electrolyte temperature on the OER activity of NiO/Ni catalyst synthesized via solution combustion synthesis. Results reveal a remarkable reduction in overpotential from 550 to 356 mV, along with a significant increase in current density, demonstrating the impact of electrolyte temperature on OER kinetics. The Tafel slope decrease progressively, reaching 75.8 mV dec at 30 °C, indicating improved reaction kinetics and charge transfer efficiency. Additionally, the increase in double-layer capacitance (C) with temperature confirms greater exposure of electrochemical surface area, providing more active sites for the reaction. Stability tests over 1000 CV cycles confirmed excellent durability, making NiO/Ni a highly efficient catalyst for alkaline OER. These findings highlight the electrolyte temperature optimization as an effective approach to improving catalytic performance of NiO/Ni to act as a promising material for cost effective sustainable energy applications.
Design and Synthesis of Polyamine-Proteolysis Targeting Chimera Conjugates for Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Degradation with Enhanced Cellular Uptake
Liu Y, Chen W, Shang Y, Tang C, Zeng X, Li J and Du W
Although histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have demonstrated significant advantages in the field of targeted cancer therapy, numerous adverse events have been observed due to the high doses required to achieve therapeutic effects. Additionally, acquired drug resistance to HDAC inhibitors has also been observed in clinical usage. Given these findings, the development of HDAC degraders may represent a more promising strategy to overcome these limitations due to their specific mechanism of action. In this study, 14 HDAC degraders featuring a polyamine linker are designed and synthesized by conjugating HDAC inhibitors (HDACi, Vorinostat) with Cereblon (CRBN, an E3 ubiquitin ligase ligand). Significantly, compound I exhibited a degradation efficiency of ≈62% at 5 μM in MDA-MB-231 cells. Additionally, compound N exhibited the highest cellular uptake efficiency in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The findings presented in our manuscript provided valuable insights for the development of a proteolysis targeting chimera with high cellular uptake efficiency.
Abietic Acid Enhances the Sedative Activity of Diazepam: In vivo Approach along with Receptor Binding Affinity and Molecular Interaction with the GABAergic System
Afroz M, Hasan R, Khatun MM, Tito MH, Shadin M, Chakma R, Asiri M, Altemani FH, Altemani AH, Bhuia MS and Islam MT
This study evaluated the sedative activity of abietic acid (AA) through a thiopental sodium (TS)-induced sleep model in mice. AA (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) and diazepam (DZP) (2 mg/kg) were provided, followed by TS (20 mg/kg) after 30 min to induce sleep. Sleep latency and total sleeping time were documented over a 4 h period. Additionally, molecular docking studies were conducted to examine the interactions of AA with GABA (Protein Data Bank: 6X3X) receptors, which hold two subunits of α1 and β2, alongside pharmacokinetic and toxicity assessments. The results indicated that AA significantly (p < 0.05) provided the fast onset of sleeping and extended sleeping time in a dose-dependent manner. The combination of AA (20 mg/kg) with DZP further enhanced sedation, yielding a prolonged sleep duration and a reduced sleep latency, indicating a synergistic effect. In addition, in silico analysis expressed that AA exhibited a strong binding affinity for GABA receptors (-7.9 kcal/mol), comparable to DZP (-8.4 kcal/mol). Furthermore, AA demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic properties and drug-likeness. Overall, these findings suggest that AA possesses potent sedative effects, likely mediated through interactions with the GABAergic system, warranting further investigation for its therapeutic potential in sleep disorders.
Synthesis of Pyrido[2,3-d]Azolopyrimidinones: Design and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Targeted Molecular Docking Toward Novel Anticancer Leads
Gomha SM, Al-Hussain SA, Farag B, Nayl AA, Hussein W, Sayed AR and Zaki MEA
A new class of pyrido[2,3-d][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidinones and pyrido[2,3-d]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidinones was synthesized by reacting 5-phenyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-one with hydrazonoyl halides and α-bromoketones via a Knoevenagel-cyclocondensation followed by heteroannulation. Structures were confirmed by elemental analysis and IR, H NMR, and MS spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells (MTT assay) revealed submicromolar activity for the most active analogs (IC 0.72-0.95 µM), comparable to doxorubicin (0.65 µM). Structure-activity trends indicate that ester functionalities, coumarin incorporation, and electron-donating aryl substituents enhance potency. Molecular docking to the EGFR kinase domain showed strong predicted binding for the top analogs (scores -9.6 to -10.2 kcal mol vs -8.7 kcal mol for doxorubicin), highlighting key hydrogen-bond and hydrophobic contacts with Lys745, Asp837, Arg841, and Asp855. Docking results align with the in vitro data. In silico ADMET predictions suggest favorable drug-likeness, oral absorption, and non-mutagenic character. These findings position the reported pyridopyrimidine scaffolds as promising EGFR-targeted anticancer leads.
Water Co-Adsorption in Ultrathin Films of Ionic Liquids on Pt(111)
Talwar T, Steinrück HP and Maier F
The influence of pre-adsorbed water (DO) on the growth, adsorption, orientation, and thermal behavior of two ionic liquids (ILs) on Pt(111) was studied within the SCILL (solid catalyst with ionic liquid layer) concept. Nonfunctionalized [CCIm][TfN] and nitrile-functionalized [CCNCIm][TfN] were deposited at ∼100 K onto clean Pt(111) or onto single-layer and multilayer crystalline (CI) or amorphous (ASW) DO films and analyzed at various temperatures by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS). On both clean and DO-covered Pt(111), the ILs initially grow in a 2D layer-by-layer mode, forming a closed wetting layer at ≈ 0.5 ML IL coverage, followed by moderate 3D growth above 0.8-1.0 ML. At 100 K, the ILs partially displace DO from the Pt surface, yielding co-adsorption structures where IL contacts Pt(111) directly and is also located in a second layer. [TfN] anions adsorb in cis-configuration with oxygen atoms toward the surface, while the cations adopt mixed parallel and tilted orientations. Heating to 130 K induces rearrangement, increasing direct IL-Pt(111) contact by favoring parallel cation alignment. Co-adsorbed DO remains but desorbs at ≈10 K lower temperature, indicating weaker binding to Pt. The similar interfacial behavior of both ILs shows that the nitrile group does not significantly influence adsorption geometry or thermal stability.
2,3-Dichloro-5,6-Dicyano-1,4-Benzoquinone (DDQ)-Mediated CC Bond Formation: Redox Strategies from Stoichiometric to Catalytic Systems
Cha D and Min SJ
2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) has long been recognized as a versatile organic oxidant that mediates diverse transformations through single-electron transfer, hydride abstraction, and redox cycling. Beyond its classical stoichiometric role in oxidation and dehydrogenation, DDQ now serves as an efficient catalyst for carbon-carbon bond formation across thermal, photochemical, and electrochemical domains. In stoichiometric reactions, DDQ enables benzylic and allylic CH activation to generate oxocarbenium or iminium intermediates that couple with a broad range of nucleophiles, facilitating alkylation, arylation, cyanation, and annulation processes. In catalytic systems, DDQ participates in redox cycles where the DDQ/DDQH couple is regenerated by oxidants such as O, nitrites, or MnO, offering mild and simple access to complex carbon frameworks. The scope further extends to asymmetric catalysis and radical-mediated cross-dehydrogenative coupling, providing sustainable routes to natural product-like scaffolds and biologically active molecules. This review highlights the progression of DDQ from a stoichiometric oxidant to a redox-active catalyst, emphasizing its growing utility in controlled, metal-free oxidative CC bond formation and its promise for next-generation sustainable synthesis.
Computational Study on Potentially Active Antibacterial Compounds in Secondary Metabolites of Extremophilic Microorganisms
Li D, Wang Y, Huang Y, Zhou H, Xia X, Huang W and Wang C
The density functional theory (DFT) method ωB97XD/6-311+G(2d, p) was employed to perform systematic theoretical calculations and comparative analyses on the geometric structures, spectroscopic properties, frontier molecular orbitals, and molecular electrostatic potentials of potential antibacterial compounds derived from 16-membered lactone ring-containing secondary metabolites of extremophiles, as well as midecamycin. The reactivity indices of these compounds were further investigated within the framework of conceptual DFT. Additionally, drug-likeness was evaluated using two independent pharmacokinetic prediction platforms, and molecular docking simulations were conducted to assess their binding affinities. The results indicate that the carboxyl hydrogen, hydroxyl hydrogen, and carbonyl oxygen atoms in these molecules exhibit relatively high reactivity. Compound 3 displays relatively high chemical reactivity, whereas compounds 6 and 9 demonstrate superior chemical stability combined with significant reactivity. Pharmacokinetic predictions reveal poor Caco-2 permeability for compounds 8 and 9, low therapeutic indices for compounds 2 and 3, and the highest metabolic stability in human liver microsomes for compound 7. Overall, compound 1 exhibits the highest structural and physicochemical similarity to midecamycin. Compound 1 was evaluated for molecular docking with the 50S ribosomal subunit from Streptomyces bacteria; the molecular docking results confirm its distinct binding affinity, despite a slightly higher binding energy. The molecular dynamics simulation results indicate that complex 1 exhibits a Gibbs free energy of -30.76 kJ/mol, further supporting its structural stability.
Ruthenium-Catalyzed CH Alkenylation of Trypanocidal Naphthoquinones: A Mechanistic BenchmarkingStudy
Paz ERS, Souza CP, De Oliveira JC, Almeida RG, Herrera-Acevedo C, Lakoh S, Jardim GAM, da Silva Júnior EN and Fantuzzi F
Quinones are privileged scaffolds in biological redox chemistry and drug discovery, but methods to install versatile click handles onto their cores remain scarce. This work presents a comprehensive computational study of the Ru(II)-catalyzed CH alkenylation of menadione with ethenesulfonyl fluoride, a transformation that introduces sulfonyl-fluoride groups for subsequent SuFEx chemistry. Nine density functionals-from GGAs to double hybrids-are first benchmarked against DLPNO-CCSD(T) reference energies for all key on-cycle intermediates and transition states along the cationic [Ru(OAc)(p-cymene)] pathway. Among them, ωB2PLYP best matches the coupled-cluster reference and is the only method to achieve root-mean-square deviations of ≈1 kcal mol. Given that the computed on-cycle barriers are modest, the results indirectly support that the overall rate is dictated by off-cycle formation of the active cationic species via ligand exchange/speciation. Within the catalytic cycle, CH activation presents the highest global barrier, although migratory insertion can display a higher local barrier (relative to its immediate precursor) for specific ring substitutions. Finally, it is shown that the rSCAN-3c composite method offers a computationally efficient route for probing analogous catalytic cycles. These results deliver a robust protocol for designing naphthoquinone derivatives as next-generation therapeutic agents against Trypanosoma cruzi and related parasites.
Brominated Methanesulfonates: Characterization of K[BrCSO] ⋅ HO, K[BrC(SO)] ⋅ HO and K[BrC(SO)] ⋅ HO
Eppers K, Sander C, van Gerven D and Wickleder MS
Bromination of phenyl methanesulfonate, CHOSOCH, with KOBr followed by hydrolytic cleavage of the phenyl ester leads to the tribromomethanesulfonate ("tribrate") K[BrCSO] ⋅ HO, which crystallizes in a hitherto unknown triclinic modification (P , a = 662.87(4) pm, b = 1090.98(7) pm, c = 1273.98(8) pm, α = 106.079(2)°, β = 93.438(2)°, γ = 90.121(2)°). In contrast to the synthesis of the tribrate, in which an aromatic ring must be present at the SO group for a successful bromination, the synthesis of K[BrC(SO)] ⋅ HO (monoclinic, P2/c, Z = 4, a = 717.17(3) pm, b = 710.78(3) pm, c = 2092.50(9) pm, β = 94.732(2)°) and K[BrC(SO)] ⋅ HO (tetragonal, P4, Z = 4, a = 713.6(1) pm, c = 2324.50(7) pm) using KOBr do not need the phenylesters as starting materials. Comparing the CS bond lengths of the different anions with each other, a trend emerges in which the CS bond length increases with increasing number of SO groups (decreasing number of Br atoms). Furthermore, an increase in thermal stability by ≈50 °C per additional SO group can be observed. The compounds are characterized by X-ray diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy, and thermal analyses.
Structural Basis of the Light-Switchable Interaction between an Azobenzene Side Chain in a Biosynthetic Protein and α-Cyclodextrin
Eichinger A, Mayrhofer P, Anneser MR, Jarzinka L and Skerra A
Azobenzene derivatives, which show light-induced reversible trans↔cis isomerization, have gained increasing attention in the area of protein science. p-(Phenylazo)-L-phenylalanine (Pap) was recently employed to enable the light-controlled affinity purification of biosynthetic proteins as part of the Azo-tag. Specific supramolecular complex formation with immobilized α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) groups is mediated by the Pap side chain in its low-energy trans-configuration, whereas photoisomerization to the cis-state leads to immediate dissociation. Here, we describe the X-ray crystallographic analysis of super-folder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) displaying Pap at amino acid position 39 on its surface in complex with α-CD. While this experimental structure generally confirms the mode of host-guest interaction predicted by molecular modeling, there are two unexpected observations: (i) the conically shaped α-CD binds with its narrow end toward the aminoacyl moiety of Pap, despite appearing sterically more demanding, and (ii) the azobenzene side chain shows a considerably twisted conformation of its two phenyl rings, which contrasts with the fully coplanar arrangement usually anticipated for unmodified azobenzene and its chemical derivatives. Thus, this crystal structure of the photoswitchable noncanonical amino acid Pap (also known as AzoF or AzoPhe) provides valuable insight for future molecular engineering endeavors to endow proteins with light-controllable functions.
Design, Synthesis, Cytotoxicity Assessment, and Molecular Docking of Novel Triazolopyrimidines as Potent Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 Inhibitors
Abolibda TZ, Al-Hussain SA, Farag B, El-Naggar M, Zaki MEA, Alhazmi ESA, Almohammadi ASM and Gomha SM
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) plays a pivotal role in cell cycle regulation and is a well-established target in cancer therapy. Triazolopyrimidines, as bioactive heterocyclic compounds, represent a promising scaffold for the development of novel anticancer agents. Herein, a new series of 1,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine derivatives (5a-g) is synthesized via multistep reactions involving 6-methyl-4-phenyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl propionate and hydrazonoyl halides. Structural confirmation is achieved through infrared spectroscopy, H nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis, and further supported by alternative synthetic approaches. Molecular docking studies targeting the CDK4/cyclin D1 complex (PDB ID: 2W9Z) reveal favorable binding interactions, particularly for compounds 5c and 5d, with binding energies of -7.34 and -7.25 kcal/mol, respectively. In vitro cytotoxicity assays against HepG2 liver cancer cells show that compounds 5c, 5d, and 5f exhibit potent activity, with IC values of 4.38, 3.96, and 3.84 µM, respectively, comparable to doxorubicin (3.43 µM). A similar trend is observed in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, where 5c, 5d, and 5f again demonstrate strong antiproliferative effects with IC values of 4.12, 3.87, and 3.95 µM, respectively, close to doxorubicin (3.25 µM). The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity profile indicates excellent absorption, moderate distribution, low toxicity, and favorable drug-likeness. These findings highlight the potential of the synthesized triazolopyrimidine derivatives as promising leads for CDK4-targeted anticancer drug development.
Exploration of the Phytochemical and Antidiabetic Properties of Teucrium polium: A Natural Asset for Type 2 Diabetes Management
El Ouadni H, Drioiche A, El Makhoukhi F, Al Kamaly O, Zerkani H, Amalich S, Tagnaout I, Radi M, Cherrah Y, Zair T and Alaoui K
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin utilization, and current therapies face notable limitations. This study investigated the chemical composition and biological activities of Teucrium polium essential oils and extracts, with a focus on their antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Essential oil from aerial parts (yield 1.65%) was obtained by hydrodistillation; extracts were prepared by aqueous decoction (E0) and Soxhlet (aqueous, E1; hydroethanolic, E2). HPLC-UV-Vis-ESI-MS and GC-MS identified bioactives. The oil was dominated by carvacrol (28.10%), thymol (26.28%), γ-terpinene (12.11%), and o-cymene (15.59%). E0 was rich in poliumoside (36.45%); E1 contained verbascoside (9.42%) and isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (9.68%); E2 was dominated by apigenin-7-rutinoside (21.18%). Antioxidant assays showed 85% DPPH inhibition at 100 µgmL , FRAP EC of 25.4 µgmL, and 75% TAC inhibition at 100 µg mL. Antimicrobial activity yielded MICs of 0.5 mg mL for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and 0.3 mg mL for Candida albicans. Antidiabetic assays demonstrated 65% inhibition of α-amylase and 72% inhibition of α-glucosidase at 100 g mL. In vivo, glucose tolerance testing showed a 30% reduction in postprandial glycemia at 70 mg kg and near-normal glycemia after 7 days. These findings support T. polium's traditional use for T2D and warrant further toxicological and clinical evaluation.
Comprehensive Insights into Natural Bioactive Compounds: From Chemical Diversity and Mechanisms to Biotechnological Innovations and Applications
Ali S, Khalil AAK, Akhtar MS, Amin A and Zaman W
Natural bioactive compounds derived from plants, microbes, and marine organisms represent a rich and diverse reservoir of structurally complex molecules with a broad spectrum of biological activities. This review comprehensively explores the chemical diversity of these compounds, spanning major classes such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, and glycosides, and elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular effects. A novel contribution of this review is its emphasis on the integration of advanced technologies that are reshaping natural product research. Biotechnological approaches, including plant cell culture, microbial fermentation, and metabolic engineering, support more sustainable and scalable production. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems enhance bioavailability and therapeutic performance by addressing pharmacokinetic challenges. Artificial intelligence enables faster screening, structural analysis, and activity prediction, significantly accelerating discovery and development. These interdisciplinary strategies also help overcome challenges such as low yield, toxicity, chemical variability, and environmental concerns. The review further discusses diverse industrial applications in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals. By highlighting the combined use of biotechnology, nanotechnology, and AI-driven tools, this review underscores a new paradigm in the sustainable and efficient utilization of natural bioactive compounds for both health and industry.
Electrochemical Treatment of Industrial Wastewater Degrading Tetrabutylammonium Bromide Using a Quasidivided Cell Design
Lennartz L, Stadtmüller T, Arndt S, Stenner P and Waldvogel SR
A robust, simple, and safe anodic treatment of an industrial wastewater is developed containing tetrabutylammonium (TBA) salts. The use of a quasidivided electrolysis cell set-up proves to be the key to success. Quasidivision enables the generation of oxidizing mediators without the necessity of an expensive and/or fragile membrane as separator. Screening experiments with significantly different current densities between anode and cathode reveal a higher efficiency compared to similar current densities at both electrodes. Furthermore, acidification of the wastewater prior to electrolysis improves the degradation efficiency by prevention of sulfurous electrode coatings (electrofouling). Under optimized conditions, the concentration of TBA cations is diminished to levels (<1 ppm) far below those required by environmental guidelines. 99% of the TBA species are depleted in total with a degradation rate around 1 mmol TBA bromide/100 min with an energy consumption of 2.5 kWh L. The developed process is applicable to wastewater with a varying composition.