This work describes a novel Co ion sensor 3-(2-(2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)thiazol-4-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one (NBIC) comprising imidazole and a coumarin-thiazole moiety. When Co is present, NBIC shows a notable quenching of fluorescence at 450 nm as a result of complex formation. The limit of detection was found to be 7 μM under optimal conditions. It was discovered that the sensor was quite selective for Co ions despite many competing ions. The chemosensor NBIC also exhibited colorimetric and fluorometric sensing ability with a visible colorimetric response to trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The Job's plot validates the 1:1 binding stoichiometry between Co and NBIC. Further, the study was also validated with zebrafish bioimaging studies.

Halide-based double perovskites are appealing choices for optoelectronic devices due to their adjustable energy gaps and enhanced structural stability compared to conventional perovskites. They are also strong candidates for efficient energy conversion systems due to their remarkable thermoelectric properties. In the present study, we used first-principles calculations and extensively examined the structural, electronic, optical, and transport features of cubic-phase CsInAgX (X = Cl, F) double perovskites. The TB-mBJ potential revealed semiconducting nature with direct band gaps of 2.53 eV for CsInAgCl and 4.39 eV for CsInAgF, respectively. Additionally, the optical response is studied to evaluate its possibilities in devices used in optoelectronics. Significant absorption exists in the ultraviolet range with the vital absorption peaks noticed between 8.0 and 13.0 eV. At 50 K, the ZT values were reported to be 0.99 for both materials. This study reveals that these materials are excellent choices for next-generation functional devices because of their remarkable optoelectronic and thermoelectric qualities.

A novel salicylaldehyde-benzohydrazide-based fluorescent probe L was designed and synthesized. The probe displayed excellent specificity and sensitivity for Zn detection in aqueous media (HEPES buffer, pH = 7.40), accompanied by a remarkable colorimetric fluorescence change from colorless to green under a 365 nm UV lamp. The detection mechanism of probe L for Zn was elucidated by H NMR, HRMS, and DFT calculation. Moreover, the probe was effectively applied in the detection of Zn in both environmental samples and biological imaging in living cells.

Existing methods for AFZ estimation lacked sensitivity for picoscale detection in biological samples, faced matrix interferences, and used environmentally harmful solvents. A sensitive, selective, and eco-friendly microwave-assisted fluorodensitometric probe was developed for picoscale estimation of AFZ in pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma. The method utilized a microwave-assisted microlevel Hantzsch reaction for the generation of a fluorodensitometric probe for AFZ derivatization in the microenvironment of a silica plate. A design of experiments (DoE) approach was implemented using a Plackett-Burman design for risk assessment and a minimum run resolution IV design for response surface analysis. HPTLC-MS was used for the characterization of the fluorodensitometric probe generated by microwave-aided microlevel condensation of organic liquids and AFZ. The method demonstrated linearity in the range of 10-50 pg/band with high sensitivity (LOD: 3.0 pg/band, LOQ: 10.0 pg/band). Precision and accuracy were within acceptable limits. The method was successfully applied to pharmaceutical formulations and different plasma samples. The proposed method offers a sensitive, selective, and environmentally friendly approach for AFZ estimation at picoscale levels, adhering to white analytical chemistry principles and the QbD approach.

Tartrazine (synthetic food dye) has been known to exert oxidative stress-related effects, yet its direct impact on antioxidant enzymes like catalase remains poorly understood. This study explores the interaction between tartrazine (synthetic dye) and catalase using various spectroscopic and in silico techniques. UV-visible as well as spectrofluorometric analysis revealed the formation of a catalase-tartrazine complex with a static mode of quenching. A moderate binding affinity ranging from 0.35 to 1.66 × 10 M was calculated for the complex. Positive ΔH (23.72 kcal/mol) and ΔS (28.57-29.72 kcal/mol) with negative ΔG (-4.84 to -5.99 kcal/mol) suggest the binding process is endothermic and spontaneous, driven by a favorable entropy change. Circular dichroism (CD) indicates the percent α-helix in catalase decreased from 28.06% to 23.29% upon tartrazine binding, indicating some structural alterations. In turn, the catalase activity was decreased (60%) at a higher concentration (100 μM) of tartrazine. Molecular docking analysis identified several active site residues, including Met349, Gly352, Arg353, and Thr360, as key players in the binding process. Further, simulation studies demonstrated that the complex of tartrazine with catalase maintained stability in an aqueous environment. Our findings hinted that the use of additives should be cautious as they may compromise the antioxidant defense mechanisms critical to human health.

To meet the growing demand for sensing technologies, it is imperative to develop novel sensors with higher sensitivity, portability, and low cost. Conventional single-signal sensors suffer from limitations such as low sensitivity, narrow detection range, and susceptibility to false positives. Integrating two sensing signals into a single system to design dual-signal sensors effectively addresses these issues. Among optical sensors, fluorescence and colorimetric signals are the most well-developed and have been widely applied in food safety, environmental monitoring, and biomedical fields. Fluorescence/colorimetric dual-signal sensors not only combine the advantages of both modalities but also synergistically enhance detection accuracy, broaden the detection range, and improve flexibility, significantly boosting detection efficiency. In recent years, such sensors have undergone rapid development. This review focuses on the signal activation strategies and design principles of fluorescence/colorimetric dual-signal sensors, particularly the specific recognition mechanisms for diverse targets, aiming to provide insights for the design of next-generation sensors.

A thermally stable Eu-activated NaCaMg(PO) (NCMP) phosphor was synthesized via a conventional solid-state reaction method for potential white LED applications. The brianite phase of NCMP was confirmed using PXRD, while its morphology and elemental composition were studied through FE-SEM and EDAX mapping. Diffuse reflectance spectra revealed wide band gaps of 3.87 eV (pure) and 3.99 eV (9 mol% Eu), with refractive indices of 2.01 and 2.02, respectively. Under 396 nm excitation, strong red emission at 616 nm was observed, attributed to a dipole-dipole transition. Judd-Ofelt analysis indicated a higher Ω than Ω, suggesting strong covalent interaction between Eu and ligands. The CIE chromaticity coordinates confirmed a red hue with high color purity (91.17%) and warm color temperature. The photoluminescence lifetime decreased with higher doping, whereas thermal stability was maintained at 74%. These findings demonstrate the suitability of NCMP:9 mol% Eu phosphors for solid-state lighting and multifunctional applications.

Cervical cancer remains a major global health concern, contributing significantly to cancer-related mortality. In recent years, the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles has emerged as a promising approach for cancer therapy, advancing targeted drug delivery and therapeutic applications. This study focuses on the phytochemical composition, synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity assay of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from the green seaweed Caulerpa peltata, which were synthesized by reacting 1 mM silver nitrate with the ethanolic extract of C. peltata under dark conditions, with gentle agitation for 1-10 h. The formation of AgNPs and the involvement of biomolecules in the synthesis process were confirmed through UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The cytotoxic potential of the biosynthesized AgNPs was evaluated using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, demonstrating significant inhibition of cervical cancer cell growth. The determined IC value of 500 μg/mL was only 25.71%, indicating a dose- and time-dependent reduction in cell viability. These findings highlight the potential of C. peltata-mediated AgNPs as an eco-friendly alternative for anticancer therapy, particularly in the treatment of cervical cancer.

Brown algal fucoidan (FUC) has attracted significant interest as an active ingredient in various medical applications. Advancing analytical methods for FUC is essential to support the broader utilization of brown algal resources. In this research we developed an environmentally friendly sensitive fluorescent probe for FUC determination by AuNPs-chitosan core-shell nanocomposites. The prepared core-shells were visualized as uniform monodispersed spherical particles with a dense core, transparent shell and a particle distribution of 8.33 ± 2.48 nm. The colloidal solution of the nanocomposites exhibited a localized surface plasmon resonance band at around 530 nm and a blue emission peak at 394 nm after excitation at 310 nm. Owing to FUC's abundant sulfate moiety, it could interact with the positive surface charge of the prepared core-shells leading to fluorescence quenching that correlated to FUC concentration (R = 0.991) over the range of 60-140 μg/mL with a detection limit of 11.81 μg/mL. The accuracy and precision of the prepared nanocomposites were evaluated by % recovery (98%-102%) and %RSD (< 2), respectively. Additionally, the developed method was successfully applied for FUC determination in lab-prepared capsule formulation. The environmental impact of the proposed technique was assessed using complex MoGAPI and Eco-scale showing excellent method greenness.

The synthesis of nanoparticles typically involves sophisticated equipment, significant energy consumption, and the use of hazardous chemicals. However, there is a growing trend to adopt sustainable methods by leveraging plants and microorganisms for nanoparticle fabrication. In this study, Aerva lanata (A. lanata) extract was employed to synthesize environmentally friendly, highly stable, and biocompatible nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs). Various characterization techniques were used to investigate the structural, optical, and morphological properties of the synthesized Ni NPs. UV-Vis spectra revealed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 450 nm, confirming their optical properties. XRD analysis indicated the formation of highly crystalline Ni NPs. FTIR spectroscopy identified the vibrational frequencies associated with the nanocomposites. SEM and EDX demonstrated the nanoparticles' uniform polygonal and spherical morphologies, with an average particle size up to 40 nm, while SAED patterns confirmed their crystallographic planes. The Ni NPs were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against S. aureus, S. albus, K. pneumoniae, P. vulgaris, C. albicans, and C. tropicalis. The results showed that Ni NPs achieved 100% fungal inhibition and 85% bacterial inhibition, highlighting their potential as effective antimicrobial agents.

Forensic science relies on sensitive, selective, and reliable detection of trace evidence, often present in minute quantities within complex matrices. Traditional techniques, despite being well-established, are costly, time-consuming, and poorly suited for on-site analysis. Nanotechnology leverages unique physicochemical properties-high surface-to-volume ratio, quantum confinement, tunable optical/electronic behavior, and surface functionalization-to enhance forensic detection of drugs, explosives, gunshot residues, toxicants, DNA, and latent fingerprints. This review critically evaluates the mechanistic foundations, comparative performance, and translational potential of noble metal nanoparticles, carbon-based nanostructures, semiconductor quantum dots, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and hybrid nano-composites. We discuss their roles in optical, electrochemical, catalytic, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based systems, emphasizing field-deployable platforms, microfluidic integration, and portable devices. Key challenges including reproducibility, stability, safety, and legal admissibility are highlighted, providing a roadmap for next-generation forensic tools that bridge laboratory innovation with real-world applicability.

Warfarin is a well-established oral anticoagulant with decades of clinical application. Structurally, it selectively binds to Site 1 on serum albumin and contains a coumarin scaffold that confers intrinsic fluorescent characteristics, enabling potential bioimaging and drug delivery applications. Herein, a warfarin-based supramolecular nanoprobe was successfully fabricated through the self-assembly of a complex composed of water-soluble pillar[5]arene (WP5) and a warfarin-derived guest molecule (WFY). WFY exhibited strong intrinsic fluorescence and demonstrated selective fluorescence responsiveness toward bovine serum albumin (BSA). Interestingly, the complexation of WFY with WP5 did not alter its fluorescent properties. The WP5 ⊃ WFY complex inherently displayed robust intrinsic fluorescence, which was further selectively amplified upon its interaction with BSA. Moreover, the WP5 ⊃ WFY complex, being amphiphilic, self-assembled into spherical supramolecular nanoparticles. These nanoparticles possessed favorable doxorubicin (DOX) loading capacity. The drug-loaded nanoparticles DOX@WP5 ⊃ WFY exhibited physiologically stable yet rapid drug release properties in acidic environments. Additionally, the WP5 ⊃ WFY nanoparticles exhibited negligible cytotoxicity and excellent cell imaging capabilities. After loading with DOX, they enhanced the cytotoxicity of DOX while retaining their good cell imaging properties. The warfarin-based supramolecular nanoprobe holds potential as a promising carrier for theranostic strategies in cancer research and treatment.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is required for turning chemical signals into electrical impulses in the olfactory system, and low levels in people with olfactory deficits result in olfactory dysfunction. A micellar-based spectrofluorimetric approach has been developed to quantify cAMP in human nasal secretions, offering an efficient tool for assessing cAMP. The proposed method is based on enhancing the native fluorescence intensity of cAMP by leveraging an optimized micellar system, where hydrogen bonds form between cAMP's hydroxyl and amine groups and the sulfate groups of sodium dodecyl sulfate, resulting in a significant rise in fluorescence emission at 342 nm upon excitation at 255 nm. The method was validated and demonstrated sensitive linearity and precision within the concentration range of 10-200 ng/mL, with a lower limit of quantification at 1 ng/mL. The method was used to compare cAMP levels in the nasal secretions of healthy people and patients with olfactory dysfunction, revealing significantly lower cAMP concentrations in the latter group. This finding highlights the significant role of cAMP in the olfactory process and how dysregulation contributes to olfactory dysfunctions. Because of its simplicity, sensitivity, and selectivity, the technique can be used in clinical research diagnostic applications to explore olfactory disorders.

A polychromatic butterfly-shaped Schiff base probe DSP was designed and synthesized based on 2, 5-thiophenedicarboxaldehyde and 4-hydrazineyl-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydrobenzo [4, 5]thieno[2, 3-d]pyrimidine. DSP could monitor In and Fe sequentially, accompanied by the "yellow-orange-light green" multicolored change under the naked eye and the "off-on-off" fluorescence performance under the UV lamp in DMF/HO = 9/1. DSP showed high sensitivity and selectivity toward In and Fe in the presence of other metal ions with detection limits of 42 and 68 nM, respectively. The complex stoichiometry of DSP with target ions was determined to be 1:2 via Job's plot analysis, which was further verified by ESI-MS titration and theoretical calculations. DSP has been validated as a promising tool for detecting In and Fe in real-world water samples. Furthermore, a DSP test strip has been successfully developed, enabling on-the-spot detection of In and Fe.

New types of red fluorescent conversion materials promote the application of solid-state lighting technology. In this study, we successfully prepared Eu-doped strontium fluorophosphate (Sr(PO)F:Eu) red-emitting transparent glass ceramics (GCs) with SrF-ZnSO-PO-HBO glass matrix using a melt-quenching method. GCs were obtained by heating precursor glass (PG). After the obtained Sr(PO)F:Eu GCs (GC120) were thermally treated at 610°C for 120 min, they exhibited a transmittance of 48% in the range of 500-800 nm, achieving a stronger luminescence intensity and longer fluorescence lifetime than PG. The CIE 1931 color coordinates of GC120 were in the red region (0.643, 0.357), and its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) was 37.9%. Finally, using GC120 as the red phosphors, white-light LEDs with a correlated color temperature of 5356 K and R = 84.6 (color render index) were obtained. Hence, Sr(PO)F:Eu GCs are promising red phosphors for white-light LEDs under UV-LED excitation.

Mercury ions (Hg) pose severe environmental and health risks due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and neurotoxicity. Here, we report a fluorescent probe for ultrasensitive Hg detection, constructed from cytosine-rich hairpin DNA-templated silver nanoclusters (hpDNA/Ag NCs). Through multiparameter optimization (DNA/Ag stoichiometry, reduction kinetics, surface passivation, and the DNA template design), the hpDNA/Ag NCs achieve a high quantum yield of 72.55% and exceptional stability, retaining fluorescence even after 3 months. The probe exhibits a linear response to Hg (0.1-50 nM) with a 0.03 nM detection limit, which is enabled by selective fluorescence quenching via thymine-Hg-thymine coordination and Ag/Hg amalgam formation. Rigorous interference tests confirm specificity against 15 competing ions, including Ag and Pb. Successful application in spiked environmental water samples demonstrates recovery rates of 96%-106%, validating its practicality for real-world monitoring. This work establishes a cost-effective, sensitive, and field-deployable platform for Hg detection, addressing critical gaps in environmental pollution control.

An eco-friendly and precise HPLC with fluorescence detection has been established for the concurrent assay of tamsulosin and solifenacin (TAM/SOL) mixture. This strategy provides the high separation power of chromatography combined with the high sensitivity of fluorescence measurements. Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the chromatographic method. A good separation was attained on a C column at a 1.02-mL min flow rate. For TAM and SOL, the retention times were 1.71 and 3.52, respectively. The measurements were carried out using a fluorescence detector at 225 nm for excitation and 330 for emission. TAM and SOL had linear calibration curves at concentration ranges of 0.1-1.5 and 1.5-22.5 μg mL, respectively. The limits of detection were 0.02 and 0.41, whereas the limits of quantification were 0.07 and 1.23 μg mL for TAM and SOL, respectively. The proposed technique was used to determine TAM and SOL in their dosage form with a %recovery of 100.50 and 100.39, respectively. The proposed method was the only method used to assess the combined tablets content uniformity. Two greenness evaluation tools, GAPI and AGREE, were used to assess the greenness of the proposed HPLC method and the results showed a remarkable compliance with the green chemistry principles.

The development of rare-earth-doped oxide nanomaterials has garnered significant interest due to their potential applications in display and biomedical imaging technologies. Among them, MoO, with its favourable optical properties, emerges as a promising host material for nanophosphors. In this work, the hydrothermal method was employed to synthesise MoO: Tb nanobelts by varying the terbium concentration. Structural, optical, morphological and photoluminescence characteristics were systematically examined. FESEM and TEM revealed nanobelt morphology. XPS verified the successful incorporation of Tb ions. A thorough study of the photoluminescence mechanism, including concentration quenching and lifetime measurements, was carried out, as these aspects are still not well studied for this material. Under 260 nm excitation, blue-green emission was observed with optimal photoluminescence intensity at 2 mol% Tb doping. The optimised sample was annealed at 500°C for 12 h, resulting in greenish-white emission. Emission colour coordinates were determined using the CIE chromaticity diagram, and a dipole-dipole interaction mechanism with a critical distance of 17 Å was identified as the cause of quenching. The average photoluminescence lifetime of the annealed sample was ~1.1 μs. These results demonstrate the potential of MoO: Tb nanobelts as efficient phosphor materials for next-generation display and bioimaging applications.

Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) integrated with nanomaterial-based quenchers have emerged as an innovative platform for developing advanced sensing systems. In this study, we developed a novel fluorescent sensing platform for the highly sensitive detection of hydroxylamine (HA). Through a one-step hydrothermal synthesis approach, nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon nanoparticles (N,S-CNPs) were successfully prepared using dimethylamine hydrochloride and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as precursors. The synthesized N,S-CNPs demonstrated exceptional fluorescence properties, achieving a remarkably high quantum yield of 50%, along with outstanding water solubility, photostability, and chemical stability. The fluorescence emission of N,S-CNPs could be effectively quenched by manganese dioxide (MnO) nanosheets through a combined mechanism of inner filter effect (IFE) and static quenching effect (SQE). Notably, HA induced the redox-mediated decomposition of MnO nanosheets, converting MnO to Mn ions and consequently restoring the fluorescence of N,S-CNPs (turn-on response). Under optimized conditions, the proposed sensor exhibited a wide linear detection range (0.1-200 μM) with an ultra-low detection limit of 0.04 μM. The sensor demonstrated excellent analytical performance in real-world applications, successfully detecting HA in lake and river water samples with high accuracy and reliability. These findings highlight the great potential of this fluorescent sensing platform for environmental monitoring and water quality assessment.

A green, simple, sustainable, and robust synthetic approach has been employed to construct zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) for the first time by using an extract of the leaves of the plant Dypsis lutescens as a reducing and capping agent. Several analytical techniques have been used to characterize the synthesized ZnO NPs, including UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, FTIR, and XRD. The findings indicated that the ZnO nanoparticles exhibited a spherical morphology, averaging 13 nm in size, and demonstrated a crystallinity of 66%. The ZnO NPs showed exceptional photocatalytic potential for degradation of an anionic Red Me4BL dye, with 71.17% degradation under sunlight and 63% degradation under tungsten lamp irradiation. Using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood integrated rate law, the kinetic studies showed that this reaction followed zero order. This work illustrated the potential of eco-friendly ZnO NPs for the degradation of various organic pollutants through photocatalysis.

A new green spectrofluorometric method was developed for the sensitive and accurate determination of brexpiprazole (BXZ), a newly approved antipsychotic for schizophrenia. The method relies on ion-pair complex formation between BXZ and Aizen Food Red 3 (AFR 3) dye. The method monitors the natural fluorescence of AFR 3 dye, excited at 530 nm with emission at 550 nm, which is quenched upon ion-pair complexation with BXZ. Experimental parameters for optimizing the BXZ-AFR 3 complex formation were thoroughly investigated. The fluorescence quenching showed a linear response to BXZ concentrations from 150.00 to 1800.00 ng/mL. The method demonstrated excellent sensitivity, with limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) of 47.92 ng/mL and 145.21 ng/mL, respectively. The method's reliability and accuracy were confirmed through the study of the method's validation following ICH guidelines, making it suitable for assessing the uniformity of the BXZ in its pharmaceutical formulations. The method's environmental impact was comprehensively assessed using several tools. Additionally, its overall "whiteness" and "blueness" were evaluated using the innovative RGB12 and BAGI ranking systems. This multifaceted approach not only ensures precise BXZ quantification but also establishes a new benchmark for sustainable analytical chemistry in pharmaceutical research and quality control.