Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent malaria parasite in Brazil, accounting for approximately 85% of annual malaria cases. Therapeutic failure in malaria has been associated with host genetic factors that influence drug metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Cytochrome P450 gene polymorphisms on the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Brazil. A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Studies were screened based on title and abstract, duplicates were removed and articles published up to August 2024 were considered. Full-text eligibility and risk of bias assessments were performed. Allelic frequencies of the identified polymorphisms were extracted from the selected studies and visualised using pie charts. Of 296 studies retrieved, eight met the inclusion criteria. Most studies focused on the association between CYP2D6 polymorphisms and malaria treatment failure, employing a genotype-based approach to predict metaboliser phenotypes. Overall, the review revealed a lack of consensus regarding the relationship between Cytochrome P450 single nucleotide polymorphisms and antimalarial drug response. The potential implications of CYP450 genetic variability for therapeutic failure and treatment safety in Brazil are discussed.

Zambia faces persistently high malaria morbidity and mortality rates, worsened by inadequate prevention and treatment resources, and high transmission. We aimed to assess the impact of three long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) distribution campaigns in four Zambian provinces from 2010 to 2021.

Deployment of seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) for young children using monthly sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine-amodiaquine (SPAQ) has recently been extended to Central and East Africa.

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe tick-borne viral infection with a high mortality rate. The multi-inflammatory index (MII), consisting of MII-1, MII-2 and MII-3, has been proposed as a prognostic biomarker in infectious diseases. However, its role in CCHF prognosis remains unclear.

Cerebral malaria is a major cause of death in endemic areas. An animal model of cerebral malaria has been studied widely in which C57BL/6 mice are infected with the Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain. The histopathology and the response to interventions of human cerebral malaria and the murine model are very different. In 2012, a consensus guideline was published recommending that in order to represent better the clinical setting, interventions in the murine model should be tested together with antimalarial drug treatment and after development of the cerebral syndrome.

Dengue is an infectious disease caused by the bite of a mosquito (Aedes aegypti) infected with the dengue virus and represents the world's most common arboviral infection. Dengue is most common in tropical and subtropical areas and it has become a threat to human life. This disease induces high immune system activation resulting in an inflammatory process. C-reactive protein (CRP) as a marker of inflammation in various diseases has been studied; however, there are few studies that analyse it as an effector molecule in inflammatory disease pathogenesis. This review summarizes the current published literature through 2025 (on PubMed, Embase and Web of Science) regarding the factors that affect the pathogenesis of dengue mediated by CRP. The role of CRP in dengue pathogenesis may be related to its effects on complement activation, alterations of the coagulation system, thrombocytopaenia, alteration of vascular permeability, induction of liver damage and its interaction with Fc receptors and dendritic cells. These data strongly suggest a role for CRP in dengue pathogenesis.

In dengue-endemic regions like Vietnam, viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) with overlapping clinical presentations often lead to misdiagnoses. This study investigated alternative VHF pathogens in patients clinically suspected of dengue but negative by standard diagnostics during a 2016 outbreak in central Vietnam.

In the Kpone-Katamanso Municipality (Greater Accra, Ghana), as part of enhanced surveillance, health teams assessed the cross-sectional prevalence of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), both neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in school children. Across 527 participants ages 7-19 y, the STH prevalence was 4.9% and schistosomiasis prevalence was 4.7%. There was a significant association with being male (p=0.002), being a resident in Zenu (p=0.049) and swimming at the nearby dam (p≤0.001). This is a lower prevalence than has been previously reported, so potentially this is evidence that sustained long-term NTD control efforts are having an impact in this municipality.

Haematological parameters and CD4+ T-cell count are used as indicators of disease severity and treatment response. Ethiopia is one of the cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)-endemic countries. There is a scarcity of data on the haematological and CD4+ T-cell profiles of patients with CL in Ethiopia.

Imported malaria is a threat to malaria elimination. A case investigation (CI) with reactive active case detection (RACD) strategy is commonly used for the detection of malaria infections around the index cases.

Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) is a tick-borne viral haemorrhagic fever endemic to southern India.

Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. Although the host immune response has been extensively studied, important knowledge gaps remain, particularly regarding the complex and multifaceted immune evasion mechanisms employed by the parasite, both at the innate and adaptive levels. In recent years, multiple promising vaccine candidates have been developed, but further evaluation is needed across the different phases of clinical trials. Therefore, the aim of this review is to examine the host immune response to T. cruzi, the parasite's immune evasion strategies and recent advances in vaccine development aimed at controlling infection.

This article evaluates the outcomes and insights from a collaborative initiative between Moorfields Eye Hospital volunteers, Eye Health Africa and the Ubora Foundation Africa focused on strengthening ophthalmic services in Uganda, particularly at Hoima Regional Referral Hospital. Drawing on comparative insights from National Health Service facilities in the West Midlands (UK), the article reflects on infrastructure limitations; workforce constraints; the collaborative, system-level interventions that must be introduced; and some initial initiatives made possible through the exchange. Emphasis is placed on sustainability, local capacity building and bilateral learning, with implications for replicable models of ophthalmic care development in low-resource settings. Lessons learned reveal the importance of cultural humility, context-specific innovation and long-term investment in human resources for health in the global fight against avoidable blindness and improving patient outcomes while offering a framework for future global eye health partnerships.

Gastrointestinal parasitic infections remain a major health burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Leprosy is a public health concern in India, with significant social stigma and exclusion faced by affected individuals. Social participation is a critical component of rehabilitation and overall well-being, yet limited evidence has been synthesized regarding the associated factors. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to provide an overview of the social participation of people affected by leprosy from the existing literature in India. Scopus, PubMed and InfoLep databases were searched to identify the articles for the systematic review, which only includes studies conducted in India. The critical appraisal tool of cross-sectional studies-AXIS-was used to assess the study quality and risk of bias. The search identified 458 articles; 23 full-text articles were considered for eligibility, six of which were included in the review. All studies used the Participation Scale to assess social participation in individuals with leprosy. Findings showed associations between older age, female gender, lower socioeconomic status, longer disease duration and the multibacillary form of leprosy with participation restrictions. To overcome the restrictions on the social activities of people affected by leprosy, a comprehensive approach, consisting of health promotion activities, early accessible healthcare and improved rehabilitation services, is needed.

A residual focus of bancroftian filariasis was found in Fuchuan County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China in 2007, and the response measures were implemented with participation and guidance from the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC). This study aims to assess the infection sources and summarize the management processes of the residual focus to fill the gap of the re-emergence of focus after elimination as a public health problem.

The fight against leprosy has entered the crucial final phase in India, with the government's announcement of a national plan for zero transmission by 2027. Presently, leprosy has pockets of high prevalence in India and unknown transmission chains. At this juncture, we focus on essential aspects of this disease to help everyone understand the basics of the causative agent, disease prognosis, epidemiology, disease-associated societal implications and prevention strategies. Our endeavour aims to inspire novel concepts among early career researchers for combating leprosy.

One Health threats at the human-animal-environment interface involve zoonotic diseases that spread from animals to humans and may directly impact humans through their intake of food and water or from the environment. The function of One Health is to enhance collaboration, coordination, communication and capacity building among the human health, animal health and environmental sectors, to provide effective disease prevention and control programs and to identify recommendations and practical action plans. Information in this study was compiled from Google Scholar and PubMed to assess the success of the implementation of the One Health approach worldwide. This comprehensive literature review included only peer-reviewed articles published in English within the past 10 y that addressed One Health practices relevant to the Eastern Mediterranean Region. The latest data show that 75% of newly emerging infectious diseases have animal origins, that domestic animals or wildlife are the source of 60% of these pathogens and that animals are the source of 80% of pathogens that pose a bioterrorism threat. Thus the significance of the One Health approach remains ever more urgent to address and mitigate these threats. Country studies from India, Kenya, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Uganda and Zambia showcased multisectoral coordination and collaboration through technical activities in epidemiological surveillance, emergency preparedness and response, joint leadership and risk assessment in response to an outbreak. The World Health Organization Regional Office of the Eastern Mediterranean has rolled out the One Health framework, with some degree of success in certain countries, in response to epidemics, disease prioritization or as a road map for collaboration. However, other countries in the region have yet to adopt the One Health approach. Overall, One Health has demonstrated its value in protecting animals, humans and the environment by pooling expertise from different fields to prevent and control future pandemics.

Chemical control remains a widely used strategy to reduce morbidity from vector-borne diseases such as dengue. However, the potential health risks to exposed populations necessitates ongoing monitoring, particularly due to the toxicity and volume of insecticides employed.

This study examined whether Onchocerca ochengi infection can influence physiological and behavioral changes related to epilepsy using a BALB/c mouse model.