The objectives of the study are to investigate the differential metabolic paradigms and distribution of regulatory T (Tregs) cells between primary prostate cancer (PCa) and lymph node (LN) metastases.

Low-grade fetal adenocarcinoma (L-FLAC) is an exceedingly rare subtype of lung adenocarcinoma, accounting for merely 0.3% of all pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Its accurate intraoperative cytological diagnosis poses substantial challenges, particularly in distinguishing it from carcinoid tumors, which have overlapping morphological features but different therapeutic approaches. We present the case of a 47-year-old female non-smoker with an incidental 21-mm pulmonary nodule spanning the right upper and middle lobes. Intraoperative fine-needle aspiration cytology demonstrated features suggestive of an atypical carcinoid tumor, primarily due to the presence of planar atypical cells with neuroendocrine-like characteristics. Comprehensive cytological assessment revealed two distinct cellular patterns: loosely cohesive planar cells alongside densely nucleated, three-dimensional cohesive clusters with cribriform architecture resembling endometrial tissue. Most importantly, focal cell aggregates with ground-glass nuclei and intranuclear inclusions, corresponding to morule-like structures - a pathognomonic feature of L-FLAC - were identified during detailed examination. Histopathological evaluation confirmed L-FLAC, characterized by atypical glandular proliferation with clear cytoplasm, subnuclear vacuolation, and distinctive morule-like structures demonstrating strong nuclear b-catenin positivity. The patient underwent lobectomy with lymph node dissection and remained recurrence-free at the 2-year follow-up. This case highlights four critical cytomorphological features essential for accurate intraoperative diagnosis of L-FLAC: (1) recognition of dual cell populations (loose planar cells versus cohesive endometrial-like clusters), which contrasts with the monomorphic presentation of carcinoid tumors; (2) identification of ground-glass nuclei and intranuclear inclusions in morule-like structures, features absent in carcinoid tumors; (3) presence of cribriform patterns within cohesive clusters; and (4) awareness that neuroendocrine-like features can dominate the cytological presentation. Accurate distinction between these entities is crucial, as carcinoid tumors may be amenable to limited resection in selected cases, whereas adenocarcinomas generally warrant lobectomy with lymph node dissection. Cytopathologists should remain vigilant for the subtle but diagnostic features of L-FLAC, particularly ground-glass nuclei and intranuclear inclusions, which provide definitive evidence for differentiating this entity from carcinoid tumors in challenging intraoperative settings.

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit increased vascular calcification (VC) risks, worsened by high-dose erythropoietin (EPO). While EPO treats anemia, its role in VC pathogenesis remains unclear. Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), a Panax ginseng compound with anti-calcification properties, may counteract EPO-induced VC through the GATA binding protein 6 (GATA6)/bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)/Smad1/5/9 pathway. This article aims to explore whether Rb1 could counteract EPO-induced VC through the GATA6/BMP2/Smad1/5/9 pathway.

The co-occurrence of uterine and adnexal malignancies poses significant diagnostic challenges in distinguishing synchronous primary tumors from metastatic lesions. This study presents a rare case of concurrent dedifferentiated endometrial carcinoma (DEC) and high-grade serous tubal carcinoma and highlights the critical role of integrated pathological and molecular analyses. A 58-year-old woman presented with a 2-month history of irregular vaginal bleeding. Transvaginal ultrasound demonstrated endometrial thickening (1 cm) with intrauterine fluid accumulation. Hysteroscopic biopsy confirmed endometrioid adenocarcinoma. The patient underwent laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Histopathological examination identified two distinct neoplasms: (1) DEC (microsatellite instability-high subtype) located at the left uterine fundus and (2) High-grade serous carcinoma (SET subtype: solid, endometrioid-like, transitional patterns) in the right fallopian tube. Following surgery, six cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy with TP regimen (liposomal paclitaxel plus carboplatin) were administered. The patient remains disease-free at a 46-month follow-up. This case underscores the diagnostic complexity of synchronous gynecological malignancies. Comprehensive immunohistochemistry combined with molecular characterization is essential for accurate tumor classification, which directly determines staging precision and therapeutic decision-making. The favorable long-term outcome in this case suggests potential clinical implications for dual primary management strategies.

Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is crucial for identifying drug targets. This research aims to elucidate molecular interactions between transcriptional enhanced associate domain factor 1 (TEAD1) and cortactin-binding protein 2 N-terminal-like (CTTNBP2NL) in PTC cells and assess their effect on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and clonogenicity.

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare kind of extranodal non-Hodgkin large B-cell lymphoma that develops in the liquid phase in serous membrane-lined body cavities (perineum, pericardium, and pleura) without tumor masses. Kaposi sarcoma-associated human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) is essential in establishing a diagnosis of PEL. An 84-year-old male with a past medical history of testicular cancer in his 40s presented with a chief complaint of shortness of breath which was attributed to a left pleural effusion. The flow cytometry indicated 32% small T lymphocytes (cluster of differentiation [CD]4: CD8 = 4.0:1), 9.0% small B lymphocytes without surface light chain expression, and 16% unknown phenotypic large cells. The cell block demonstrated large atypical lymphocytes with irregular nuclear membranes and coarse chromatin. The cells exhibited prominent nucleoli and relatively basophilic, abundant amphophilic cytoplasm. Multinucleated and Reed-Sternberg-like cells were also seen. We performed a panel of immunomarkers including HHV8 and ALK1. The tumor cells were positive for CD45, CD20, and HHV8 and negative for all other markers. Based on morphologic and immunophenotypical features, a diagnosis of PEL is rendered. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography showed an absence of fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the lymph nodes and the spleen. Given his age, the patient started on treatment with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone at reduced doses (R-miniCHOP) and had a complete response. To our knowledge, there are no other reported cases of complete remission following an attenuated R-miniCHOP protocol in this clinical scenario.

Ras p21 protein activator 1 (RASA1) plays a crucial role in the placenta. However, its effects and mechanisms of RASA1 on trophoblast function in preeclampsia (PE) are unclear. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the regulation of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway by RASA1 and the function of trophoblast cells in PE.

The function of tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 (TP53INP2) in numerous cancers has been elucidated, but its role across the development of spinal cord glioma (SCG) remains largely unexplored. This study aims to explore the anti-cancer effect of TP53INP2/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway in SCG.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a primary liver tumor characterized by rapid disease progression and unfavorable clinical outcomes. Most patients with HCC are identified in advanced stage, where targeted therapies are considered an effective treatment method for advanced disease. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) donafenib has shown efficacy in managing HCC. However, drug resistance often occurs after treatment with donafenib, which limits its widespread clinical application. Thus, this study aims to identify small-molecule TKIs that can enhance the sensitivity of HCC to donafenib.

Ovarian cancer is a disease that seriously endangers the health and life safety of women. At present, no effective preventive and therapeutic measures are available. This study probed the impact of cell division cycle-associated 2 (CDCA2) on ovarian cancer development and cisplatin sensitivity, which provides a new research direction for the study of ovarian cancer.

Febrile seizures (FS) are common in pediatric epilepsy, but their precise etiology remains unclear. Although cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-1, and IL-6 are known to influence FS fever responses, their specific role is not fully understood. This study aimed to clarify the correlation between IL-4 levels and febrile convulsions, exploring molecular mechanisms through bioinformatics and animal experiments to enhance the understanding of FS pathogenesis.

Chronic metabolic diseases represent a high-risk factor for osteoarthritis. In particular, diabetes has been proven to be closely related to the occurrence of osteoarthritis in cases called diabetic osteoarthritis (DAO). A large number of studies have shown that phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) are involved in the progression of osteoarthritis; however, the mechanism of PTEN in DAO remains unclear. Accordingly, this study aimed to explore the regulatory role of PTEN in inflammatory injury and glycolysis during the progression of DAO.

Cardiovascular (CV) diseases remain the leading cause of death in modern societies, with endothelial dysfunction being the common pathology of CV diseases with various etiologies. Therefore, effectively regulating the function of endothelial cells is considered the key to the future treatment of various CV diseases. Low levels of vitamin D and its analogs have been shown to be associated with endothelial dysfunction in various diseases. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we conducted an study to evaluate the effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α, 25(OH)2D3), the active form of vitamin D, on adhesion molecule expression in human endothelial cells. The possible mechanism involved in this process was also explored.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has significant implications for maternal and neonatal health and constitutes a considerable health challenge that requires intervention. The primary factors contributing to GDM are oxidative stress and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS), known for their antioxidant properties and ability to modulate the balance of gut microbiota, may offer a promising therapeutic option for managing GDM. In this investigation, we aim to clarify the specific therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of AOS in GDM.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most common and deadliest cancer in women worldwide. The high incidence and mortality rates highlight the serious threat that OC poses to women's health. Regulator of chromosome condensation (RCC1) and broad-complex, tramtrack and bric a brac ( BTB) domain-containing protein 1 (RCBTB1), which includes the RCC1 and BTB domains, is a cell proliferation-related protein. This study aims to reveal the role of RCBTB1 in OC and its possible pathway.

Metaplastic breast carcinoma comprises a heterogeneous group of morphologic variants characterized by markedly aggressive pathological behavior and diverse histological subtypes. Accurate diagnosis of metaplastic breast carcinoma is essential for implementing effective and individualized treatment approaches; however, its differentiation from similar tumors may occasionally be challenging. We report two cases of breast tumors diagnosed using comprehensive tumor genome analysis.

Breast fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a rapid, cost-effective, and minimally invasive diagnostic procedure. The diagnosis of a proliferative breast disease with atypia (PBDA) is established based on the presence of areas with disordered cellular arrangement and mildly discerned cytological features. We have aimed to explore the cytohistological correlation of PBDA on FNAC.