This post-registered study examined the daily associations between planned (versus unplanned) nicotine, cannabis, and alcohol use, and the moderating role of social normative factors (i.e., descriptive and injunctive norms, nicotine product exposure on social media) on these associations among sexual minority youth (SMY). Participants ( = 82) completed a baseline assessment then a 30-day ecological momentary assessment monitoring period. Plans to use substances early in the day were associated with greater later same-day substance use. Sexual minority friend descriptive norms were associated with greater unplanned nicotine use. Friend descriptive norms were associated with greater planned alcohol use. Friend descriptive norms moderated the associations between use plans and nicotine and alcohol use, and parental injunctive norms moderated the associations between use plans and nicotine use. These findings underscore behavioral intentions and social normative processes in substance use and suggest that tailoring interventions to address social norms may prove beneficial for SMY.

We investigated associations of romantic partners' alcohol use, cigarette smoking, personality, and psychological distress with alcohol use and binge drinking within a sample of Finnish twins who have initiated alcohol use ( = 1620, 51% female, mean age = 33.6 years) and their romantic partners. We also used twin modeling to examine whether partner characteristics moderate genetic influences on drinking behavior. Having a romantic partner with more frequent alcohol use and smoking was consistently associated with greater alcohol consumption and binge drinking, and partner alcohol use and smoking also moderated genetic influences on alcohol consumption. Further, a range of partner characteristics moderated genetic influences on binge drinking, such that the heritability of binge drinking was higher when partners reported less frequent alcohol use, greater smoking, lower conscientiousness, and higher extraversion, neuroticism, and psychological distress. These findings highlight the important, but complex, ways in which romantic partners contribute to drinking behavior.

Diagnostic criteria from the fifth edition of the does not fully address behavioral and clinical heterogeneity inherent to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, temperament-based profiles may help explain biological heterogeneity within the disorder. Temperament profiles have been defined and replicated among youths with ADHD and have demonstrated unique patterns of resting-state functional connectivity within a small sample. Two temperament profiles were identified by Kozlowski et al. in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, and in the present study, we sought to replicate and validate documented resting-state patterns. Functional connectivity between bilateral amygdalae and 12 Gordon networks was compared between profiles and typically developing (TD) youths. Surgent youths demonstrated stronger right amygdala-dorsal attention network connectivity (β = 0.0434) and right amygdala-retrosplenial temporal network connectivity (β = 0.0442) compared with TD youths. Irritable youths demonstrated unique connectivity patterns compared with TD and surgent youths; however, effects did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Findings provide support for future research examining temperament profiles among ADHD youths.

Online self-guided single-session interventions (SSIs), which provide a complete mental health intervention in one brief experience, promise to increase global access to evidence-based support. One way to expand current SSIs' reach is to shorten them, but doing so could also compromise their effectiveness. We conducted two randomized trials to test if shortening evidence-based SSIs reduces their efficacy among adult online workers facing mental health struggles. In study 1 ( = 262), the 8-minute "Overcoming Loneliness" SSI reduced loneliness over eight weeks more than a 23-minute version of it ( = 2.64; = 0.22; 95% CI 0.02, 0.41; = .03). In study 2 ( = 1,145), 15-minute, 9-minute, 5-minute, and 3-minute versions of the "Action Brings Change" SSI did not significantly differ in how much they affected depression eight weeks later (s > .14). Our results suggest that longer digital SSIs are not necessarily more helpful than shorter ones.

Current classification systems of psychopathology focus on cross-sectional symptomatology rather than continuity, discontinuity and comorbidity across development. Here, a community sample of 600 youth was assessed every 3 years from early childhood through late adolescence using semi-structured diagnostic interviews. We used longitudinal -means clustering of joint-diagnostic trajectories to identify 6 distinct clusters (healthy, childhood anxiety, childhood/adolescent ADHD, adolescent depression/anxiety, adolescent depression/substance use, and early childhood disruptive behavior). When comparing psychopathology clusters to the healthy cluster on age 3 predictors (parental education and psychopathology, early environment, temperament, cognitive and social functioning) and age 18 functional outcomes, the clusters captured developmental patterning of psychopathology not apparent in cross-sectional nosology. The study serves as a proof of principle in applying a longitudinal clustering approach to common mental disorders, affording a rich perspective on the unfolding of sequential comorbidity and heterotypic continuity and identifying transdiagnostic subgroups with meaningful clinical, family, and temperamental correlates.

Social cognition is an important mechanism linking trauma to psychopathology; however, current models fail to explain individual differences in social cognition after trauma exposure. We investigated whether the interpersonal nature of trauma exposure helps to explain variability in social cognitive outcomes. Our sample was derived from the AURORA study, a national initiative involving intensive follow-up of trauma survivors for one year. We analyzed data from 2241 participants (M = 35.12, 64% female, 54% Black) who experienced an assault ( = 262) or a motor vehicle collision ( = 1979). Social cognition was assessed with the Multiracial Emotion Identification Task and the Belmont Emotion Sensitivity Test. Overall emotion identification accuracy declined over time among participants who experienced interpersonal trauma (β = -.10, = .03), but not non-interpersonal trauma (β = .00, = .83). These results may help to enhance the prediction of psychopathological outcomes following trauma exposure.

Some studies suggest a rise in anxiety prevalence and severity over the past decade, particularly among emerging adults, while others report stable rates. This preregistered study examines trends in anxiety symptom severity and explicit (self-reported) and implicit (using the Brief Implicit Association Test) associations about the self as anxious vs. calm. Using continuous cross-sectional data from 99,973 U.S. adults who visited the Project Implicit Health website between 2011-2022, we compared trends in anxiety outcomes between emerging adults (age 18-25) and adults age 26+, including during the COVID-19 pandemic. Contrary to hypotheses, average anxiety severity and strength of implicit/explicit self-as-anxious associations did not spike at the start of the pandemic, and rates of change did not significantly differ by age from 2011-2020, except for explicit, non-relative self-as-anxious ratings. Instead, anxiety mostly remained stable, with emerging adults exhibiting consistently higher anxiety symptom severity and stronger implicit/explicit self-as-anxious associations than adults age 26+.

Emotion-related impulsivity (ERI) shows robust longitudinal associations with psychiatric disorders, aggression, and suicidality, yet a parsimonious account of its neurocognitive correlates has not been offered. We connect ERI with the Glutamate Amplifies Noradrenergic Effects (GANE) model, a framework describing how norepinephrine tunes "hotspots" of brain activation during heightened physiological arousal. First, we systematically reviewed studies of ERI and task-based functional MRI. Meta-analysis of significant effects yielded one cluster in right inferior frontal gyrus. 26 of 30 significant effects systematically co-localized in neuroanatomical "hotspots" in each corresponding task, in line with GANE. Second, adults recruited for a range of psychopathology ( = 120) completed a reward/punishment Go No-Go task while undergoing functional MRI. ERI correlated with stronger nucleus accumbens activation for a model sensitive to heightened trial reward and in anterior cingulate for models sensitive to heightened trial arousal. Findings provide empirical support for the relevance of GANE "hotspot" mechanisms to ERI.

The ability to make valid conclusions in psychological science rests upon rigorous measure development. People with lived experience of psychological disorders can make invaluable contributions to the measure development process, but they are often excluded from this process by researchers. When people with lived experience are included, their contributions are limited to consultation early in the process. This review advocates for shared decision-making with people with lived experience throughout the measure development process. We provide an overview of the phases and steps involved in the development of self-report measures, highlighting the critical contributions of people with lived experience at each step. Next, guided by the continuum of community engagement in research, we review studies from the psychological science literature that embrace community-engaged measure development approaches inclusive of people with lived experience of psychological disorders. We conclude with a discussion of opportunities and challenges to community-engaged measure development in psychological science.

In this meta-analysis, we synthesized existing research on perseverative negative thinking, self-control, and executive functioning to better define their etiologic role in symptoms of depression and anxiety. After a review of leading models of perseverative negative thinking, self-control, executive functioning, and depressive and anxious symptoms, the relevant associations were meta-analyzed as reported in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. A total of 223 studies met the inclusion criteria, providing 239 independent samples (28 of which provided longitudinal data), = 50,987. According to both longitudinal and cross-sectional path analyses, self-control deficits predict depression and anxiety symptoms, and these symptoms then predict perseverative negative thinking. In the present research synthesis, we identified evidence that reduced self-control predicts increases in depressive and anxious symptoms, which, in turn, lead to perseverative negative thinking. All in all, this finding suggests an opportunity to treat depression and anxiety through training of self-control and emotional-regulation strategies.

Brain structural alterations have been associated with internalizing symptoms concurrently. Less is known about whether these alterations relate to change in internalizing psychopathology during adolescence, a sensitive period for the effects of stress on neurodevelopment and internalizing symptoms. We examined whether cortical thickness (CT) was prospectively related to change in an internalizing factor in 203 adolescents (aged 14-17) with depression and/or anxiety diagnoses or no diagnosis from the Boston Adolescent Neuroimaging of Depression and Anxiety study. We conducted residualized change regression models to determine whether baseline CT was associated with one-year change in internalizing factor scores, and whether chronic stress exposure moderated these relations. Lower bilateral temporal pole and left insula CT were associated with one-year increases in internalizing factor scores and were moderated by chronic stress. These novel results identify specific cortical structure features that might contribute to worsening depression and anxiety, particularly in adolescents with high chronic stress.

Anxiety and related disorders are a significant public health burden with rising prevalence in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. As demand for effective anxiety treatment increases, so too does the need for strategies to bolster treatment outcomes. Research on the mechanisms of exposure therapy, the frontline behavioral treatment, will be critically important for optimizing clinical outcomes. We outline an initial agenda for future research on the mechanisms of change of exposure therapy, developed in collaboration with a large international team of researchers through the Exposure Therapy Consortium (ETC). Key questions and recommendations for future research focus on five priority areas: conceptualization, measurement, study design/analysis, and individual/contextual differences. Rising to the challenge of addressing these questions will require coordinated action and availability of centralized tools that can be used across trials, settings, and research groups.

Young adults typically drink socially, yet most lab studies testing alcohol responses have administered alcohol in isolation. This is the first study to examine alcohol responses and social reward in a group setting among a young adult at-risk sample. Heavy drinking young adults (=393; 50% female) were grouped in threes and drank a moderate dose of alcohol or a placebo. These social interactions were recorded, and the duration and sequence of facial expressions, speech, and laughter were coded. Results revealed a comprehensive, multimodal, positive effect of alcohol on socioemotional experiences across self-report (e.g., increased positive affect and social bonding, greater relief of unpleasant feelings) and behavioral outcomes at both the individual- (e.g., more rapid increases in Duchenne smiling) and group-levels (e.g., more three-way conversations). Findings underscore the potential for group-formation paradigms to yield valuable data regarding etiological mechanisms underlying alcohol use disorder. All data and code are available (https://osf.io/3q42z/).

Since 2022, following the decision by the United States Supreme Court, abortion restrictions have increased throughout the country. This represents the most recent phase of decades of political and legal restrictions on abortion access, including the 1976 Hyde Amendment restricting federal funds for abortion services. Limiting access to legal abortion and safe reproductive healthcare has serious implications for the mental health of people who can become pregnant, and thus for clinical psychology. However, there are gaps in competence around sexual and reproductive health (SRH) for clinical psychologists in research and practice. In this paper, we 1) review empirical evidence regarding abortion and mental health, 2) discuss barriers to SRH competence for clinical psychology, and 3) present guiding principles for psychologists and institutions/training programs to address these competence gaps across research, clinical practice, and advocacy. We focus on clinical psychology, but the content is applicable to behavioral health disciplines broadly.

Negative cognitive style and rumination are prominent cognitive vulnerabilities (CVs) that contribute to development of psychopathology, especially internalizing problems. Yet, little is known about trajectories of CVs across development (age) and gender and what predicts CVs. This study characterized CV trajectories from ages 9-18 and investigated predictors of CV trajectories. Community youth (N=607; =12.37; 55% girls) completed repeated assessments of CVs across three years; youth and parents were assessed for many CV predictors at baseline. Measurement invariance supported partial scalar for CVs across age and scalar invariance by gender. Quadratic age characterized rumination trajectories (decrease ages 9-12; increase ages 13-18); girls ruminated more than boys. Negative cognitive style showed no significant gender or age effects. Most baseline predictors (observed parental positive affect; youth temperament, personality disorder traits, coping, emotion regulation, internalizing symptoms, MDD history, and negative environmental contexts) predicted CV trajectories. Implications for theory and clinical application are discussed.

Patterns of alcohol consumption can spread from one person to the next in social networks. Yet the necessary conditions required for this social influence to occur are not clearly defined. Here we leverage the sudden and seismic shift in social life following COVID-19, a natural phenomenon that divorced social relationships from the contexts those relationships typically inhabit. Using a social network-based clustered longitudinal design, we examined alcohol use patterns among cohorts of heavy drinking friendship dyads and triads (=314) traced longitudinally pre- and post-pandemic. In line with hypotheses, results indicated a disruptive effect of COVID-era on social influence effects-while friendships endured, longitudinal links between friends' and participants' problem drinking diminished significantly with COVID-19. In contrast to these -individual effects, -individual (i.e., autoregressive) links between participants' past and present drinking remained intact. Results inform the understanding of mechanisms undergirding social influence effects, pointing to a potential role for context.

In this study, we investigate using passive data, specifically, heart rate and actigraphy, for individuals with binge-type eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge-eating disorder (BED). By applying dynamical-system theory and incorporating advancements in technology-based health care, we explored the relationship between passive data patterns as potential indicators of binge-eating episodes. Over 30 days, 1,019 participants with BN or BED symptoms used the Recovery Record app on iPhone and Apple Watches for real-time eating-behavior logging. Apple Watches simultaneously recorded heart rate and actigraphy. Results show no marked difference in heart and step averages 2 hr before a binge versus a control period. However, significant momentum and stability differences emerged when examining the changing dynamics leading up to a binge event. These findings suggest that the stability of step, rather than their average value, may serve as a detectable indicator of approaching binge events.

Bisexual people report greater mental-health problems (i.e., depression, anxiety, suicidality) compared with their monosexual (i.e., gay or lesbian) peers. Yet existing studies often use nonprobability samples, analyze few psychosocial stressors, and overlook bisexual people's considerable diversity. We analyzed data from a population-based study of sexual-minority young adults in Sweden ( = 748) that assessed identity-related stressors (e.g., family rejection) and general life stressors (e.g., financial loss). Bisexual respondents reported more mental-health problems and general life stressors, but fewer identity-related stressors, than monosexual respondents. Latent class analysis revealed three distinct bisexual subgroups with varying patterns of gender-based sexual attractions, gender of sexual partners, gender conformity, and sexual-identity centrality that were associated with unique patterns of psychosocial stressors and mental health. Findings show that general life stressors play an important role in bisexual people's mental health. Future research is needed, especially on the role these stressors play during critical developmental periods such as young adulthood.

In this article, we assessed the performance of several predictive modeling algorithms of suicide attempt resulting in inpatient hospitalization or suicide among youths ages 9 to 18 ( = 34,528) after contact (6-12 months) with a mental-health specialist in Stockholm, Sweden, from 2006 to 2012. Using 209 predictors across domains (e.g., clinical, demographic, family, neighborhood, social) identified from national registers, we applied standard logistic regression, regularized logistic regression, and machine-learning algorithms (i.e., random forests, gradient boosting, support vector machines). Standard logistic regression (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.72, 0.82]) and random-forest models (AUC = 0.80, 95% CI = [0.74, 0.86]) demonstrated the highest AUCs. Sensitivities ranged from 0.33 (support vector machines) to 0.91 (standard logistic regression). Although the study was underpowered to detect a difference between logistic regression and machinelearning algorithms (outcome prevalence = 0.7%), performance metrics were similar across models. Logistic regression is not clearly worse than machine-learning approaches. Ongoing research is needed to examine how prediction models can augment clinical decision-making.

Driven exercise is a transdiagnostic maladaptive behavior, especially common in eating disorders (ED); however, its maintenance mechanisms remain poorly understood. To address this gap, we examined the applicability of previously empirically-derived and validated reinforcement function models in explaining driven exercise maintenance in studies varying across developmental stages and clinical presentations (Study 1: =279 adolescents/adults oversampled for EDs; Study 2: =118 adolescent/adult inpatients with severe EDs; Study 3: =52 adults oversampled for athletes and/or EDs). Results supported the utility of a four-function model (automatic positive/negative reinforcement [APR/ANR; increase/decrease negative affect], social positive/negative reinforcement [SPR/SNR; engage in/avoid interpersonal situations]) in explaining driven exercise. APR was most frequently endorsed, followed by ANR, SNR, and SPR in all studies. APR correlated with last-month driven exercise episodes across studies; associations between other functions and ED psychopathology varied between studies. Further, results suggested a separate control function could be considered in samples with more severe EDs.

Although obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) features maladaptive decision making, previous research examining economic decision making in OCD has yielded inconsistent results. Here we examined whether unmedicated adults with OCD ( = 268) differ from healthy controls (HC; = 256) on two measures of decision making about potential rewards: 1) delay discounting, the tendency to prefer rewards sooner rather than later, even if the delayed reward is larger, and 2) risk tolerance, the willingness to gamble for uncertain rewards when the risk is known. Data were collected in Brazil, India, the Netherlands, South Africa, and the USA as part of the Global OCD study. After controlling for age, sex, education, socioeconomic status, IQ, and site, individuals with OCD did not differ from HC in either delay discounting or risk tolerance. However, patients with OCD who reported more anxiety and depression showed higher delay discounting, or a relative preference for immediate rewards.

The pathoplasty model posits that personality influences the manifestation of psychopathology, but has rarely tested the influence on the symptomatic expression of depression. We tested pathoplastic effects of personality on depressive symptoms in five cross-sectional samples varying in age, specific measures of personality, and specific measures of depression. Tests of pathoplastic effects were conducted using moderated non-linear factor analysis. Across samples, we found little evidence for pathoplastic effects of personality on depressive symptoms. We found minimal evidence that personality is associated with the structure of the depression construct (i.e., loadings to indicators). Lower levels of positive emotionality were associated with greater likelihood of endorsing sleep problems, beyond the influence of overall depression severity, but was inconsistent across sleep items. Although we found minimal influence of personality on depression symptom manifestation, longitudinal work can examine similar issues in younger and older samples, as well as examining more dimensions of personality.

This research examined whether non-suicide-specific treatments effectively reduced suicidal ideation (SI) among a clinical sample of eating disorder (ED) patients (=3,447 of whom 50.9% presented with SI). All participants met criteria for a current ED and were administered a combination of evidence-based treatments in inpatient, residential, partial hospitalization, and intensive outpatient ED treatment facilities. Mediation analyses tested whether SI at discharge decreased specifically through standardized residual change scores in ED symptoms. Both SI and ED symptoms decreased over the course of treatment without clinically meaningful differences by ED diagnosis. ED symptom improvement partially mediated the relationship between SI at admission and discharge, suggesting that treating ED symptoms with evidence-based treatments can be an effective way to reduce SI, at least partially, for many patients. These findings demonstrate the importance of facilitating evidence-based treatment referrals for specific disorders as a component of broad-based suicide outreach and prevention strategies.

Black Americans have demonstrated significant resilience in the face of stress caused by systemic oppression. This resilience is likely to stem from several factors across socioecological levels, including those internal to the individual (assets) and those external to the individual (resources), but existing work has yet to consider these within an integrated framework. To address this gap, in the current study, we used longitudinal data from 692 Black adults living in the rural southeastern United States to examine the univariate and multivariate effects of individual (religiosity and spirituality), relational (romantic partner support, general social support), and community (neighborhood support) factors on trajectories of depressive symptoms, sleep problems, and general health. Findings revealed univariate and multivariate effects on health, providing evidence of additive benefits from these assets and resources. Greater consideration of strengths and supports across socioecological systems may help inform enhanced preventive interventions for and promote health equity among Black Americans.

We evaluated the developmental epidemiology of midlife-onset alcohol dependence (AD) in the Dunedin Study (=1,037), a population-representative cohort followed across five decades. At ages 18, 21, 26, 32, 38, and 45, past-year AD prevalence was 11.0%, 18.4%, 13.6%, 8.1%, 9.6%, and 11.3%, respectively. As expected, relative to never-diagnosed individuals, those with early-onset AD (first diagnosis: age-18 or age-21, prevalence=22.9%) were distinguished by a range of early-life and adult correlates. Individuals with midlife-onset AD (first diagnosis: age-38 or age-45, prevalence=5.6%) were distinguished by fewer early-life correlates, but exhibited a family history of AD, and adolescent dysregulation and marijuana-use. They were characterized by an array of adult correlates, including internalizing disorders, mental-health treatment-contact, criminal-behavior, perceived-stress, coping-by-drinking, lower likelihood of marriage and parenthood, and reduced preparedness for old age. They also experienced more adult alcohol-related impairment than the early-onset group. Results can guide efforts to reduce midlife alcohol-related problems and support healthy aging.

Although substance use disorders are widely known to be influenced by myriad etiologic factors, recent research promotes the notion that liability toward addiction broadly construed can be described by a single, unitary dimension that we term general addiction liability. Here, we revisit the concept of general addiction liability by placing it at greater theoretical and empirical risk. To do so, we used data from two epidemiologic samples (s from 262-8552) and employed varied quantitative methods to examine the associations between alcohol, cannabis, tobacco, and opioid use disorders. We did not find strong evidence for general addiction liability. Nevertheless, consequence-based features (e.g., social/interpersonal harm, hazardous use) tended to form cross-substance connections. We contextualize our findings in the broader literature on addiction liability and offer several explanations for why we and others arrive at competing conclusions with respect to the robustness and nature of general addiction liability.

More comprehensive modelling of psychopathology in youth is needed to facilitate a developmentally informed expansion of the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) model. This study examined a symptom-level model of the structure of psychopathology in youth-most aged 11-17 years-bringing together data from large clinical, community, and representative samples ( = 18,290) and with coverage of nearly all major forms of mental disorders and related content domains (e.g., aggression). The resulting hierarchical and dimensional model was based on the points of convergence among three statistical approaches and included fifteen narrow dimensions nested under four broad dimensions of ; ; and We position these findings within the context of the existing literature, and articulate implications for future research. Ultimately, these findings add to the rapidly growing literature on the structure of psychopathology in youth and take us a step closer towards understanding (dis-)continuities in psychopathology's structure across the lifespan.

Given the substantial symptom overlap between anxiety and depressive disorders, researchers have sought to develop approaches for better differentiating these subdimensions of internalizing psychopathology. Neurophysiological indices of biobehavioral processes specific to either subdimension may provide a means for doing so. Here, we report evidence for opposing associations of a well-established neural indicator of reward responsiveness - the reward positivity (RewP) - with trait indices of depressive and phobic fear pathology. We show that these relationships were strengthened when controlling for their shared variance via regression modeling. Additionally, structural equation modeling revealed that broad negative affectivity (NA) constituted the shared variance between the two trait indices. Our findings point to the potential use of reduced RewP to improve differential diagnosis of depressive versus phobic fear conditions. They also indicate that variance shared between conditions of these types may operate to obscure their observed associations with neural indicators of core processes unique to each.

Caring for a person with dementia (PWD) can produce declines in caregivers' emotional well-being and physical functioning, which could result from disruptions in the emotional linkage between PWDs and caregivers. We examined the effects of interpersonal linkage in emotional behaviors on emotional well-being and physical functioning in caregivers and control partners. Forty-five PWD-caregiver dyads and 12 control dyads had a 10-minute unrehearsed conflict conversation in the laboratory. We quantified positive and negative emotional linkage as the covariation between objectively coded positive and negative emotional behaviors during the conversation. Caregivers and one partner in the control dyads completed questionnaires concerning their emotional well-being and physical functioning. We found that lower positive emotional linkage was associated with lower emotional well-being in caregivers and control partners. We did not find similar effects with negative emotional linkage or for physical functioning. We offer possible explanations for these findings and implications for assessing caregiver risk.