The study examined the intergenerational transmission of aggressive conflict resolution toward intimate partners from Generation 1 (G1) parents during Generation 2's adolescence to both G2 and their partners (G2 partner), and the potential spillover effects from G2 and G2 partner's aggressive conflict resolution to G2's harsh and inconsistent parental discipline towards Generation 3 (G3) children. Using data from the Research on Adolescent Development and Relationships (RADAR) project, G1, G2 (51.5% girls; M = 14.82 in mid-adolescence, M = 29.66 in parenthood), and later G2's partner and G3 were followed from G2's adolescence to adulthood. The sample comprised 1178 G1-G2 dyads, including 222 G1-G2-G3 triads. Path analyses provided evidence for (1) intergenerational transmission, that is, G1's aggressive conflict resolution in G2's mid-adolescence weakly predicted G2's aggressive conflict resolution in G2's adulthood and (2) spillover effects, that is, G2's aggressive conflict resolution predicted G2's harsh and inconsistent discipline toward G3 children. Most of the intergenerational transmission and spillover relations did not differ across G1 and G2 gender. Overall, the findings highlight the intergenerational transmission of aggressive conflict resolution towards intimate partners and its subsequent relation with harsh and inconsistent discipline. Future prevention could target both parental figures in G1 and G2 to disrupt the cycle of aggressive conflict resolution and prevent problematic discipline practices.

Youth-police contact is increasingly acknowledged as a stressor and a racialized adverse childhood experience that can undermine youths' mental health. There is limited empirical research, however, on youths' disclosure of police stops to trusted others and how disclosure might mitigate adverse mental health responses to police stops. The present study examines patterns of disclosure following direct and witnessed police stops and their implications for posttraumatic stress among a diverse sample of Black youth. Data come from the Survey of Police-Adolescent Contact Experiences (SPACE), a cross-sectional survey of a community-based sample of Black youth ages 12-21 in Baltimore City, Maryland (n = 341), administered from August 2022 to July 2023. Logistic and negative binomial regression methods were employed to examine key predictors of disclosure and associations between disclosure to recipients (e.g., family members, friends, nonfamilial adults) and police-initiated posttraumatic stress symptoms (PI-PTSS) following memorable stops. Results reveal most youth disclosed direct (65.18%) and witnessed (53.59%) stops. Still, in multivariable models, older youth, lesbian/gay and bisexual youth, and children of immigrant parents were less likely to disclose direct (but not witnessed) stops. Disclosure to a wider range of individuals-and to family members specifically-was associated with reduced PI-PTSS stemming from direct stops, whereas disclosure to nonfamilial adults (e.g., teachers, counselors) was associated with reduced PI-PTSS stemming from witnessed stops. Overall, our findings suggest disparities in Black youths' disclosure of police stops and that disclosure is generally associated with fewer trauma symptoms.

The co-development of intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and distress tolerance (DT) and adolescent problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) and their relationships at both the between- and within-person levels remain poorly understood, particularly among Chinese adolescents navigating the highly stressful pre-college entrance examination period in East Asia. Further, the potential moderating effects of early-life environmental unpredictability (EEU) on these relationships are yet to be tested. This large-sample Chinese cohort study seeks to address these gaps through a three-wave design. A total of 4548 Chinese high school students (50.70% female; M = 16.87, SD = 0.81) were surveyed at baseline. The study employed latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) and the random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM). Univariate LGCMs identified an average continuous decline in PMPU among all adolescents. Parallel LGCMs indicated that individuals with higher PMPU levels also tended to report greater IU and DT (between-person effects). The results of the RI-CLPM revealed that DT consistently predicted subsequent PMPU and IU, while PMPU also predicted DT and IU (within-person effects). Importantly, all these findings exhibited different patterns of differentiation across groups with varying levels of EEU. In summary, this study highlights the complex relationship among IU, DT, and adolescent PMPU, emphasizing the crucial moderating role of EEU in these dynamic associations.

Improving cannabis treatment for adolescents and young adults (AYA) is a public health priority. Sleep difficulties may serve as a treatment barrier, as AYA may use cannabis as a sleep aid and cessation may induce withdrawal-related sleep problems. While research has identified associations between cannabis use, CUD, and sleep, few studies have examined these associations during AYA treatment, and no studies have conducted day-level analyses. The present study examined day-level, temporal associations between cannabis use and sleep difficulties during AYA CUD treatment. From 2009 to 2012, AYA (N = 65, 51% female, 15-24 years, 57% White) completed a 42-day ecological momentary assessment study while receiving cognitive behavioral therapy plus motivational enhancement therapy. Each day, participants reported on cannabis use quantity, sleep duration, and trouble sleeping. We used time-varying effect modeling to examine how day-level associations between cannabis use, sleep duration, and trouble sleeping changed across treatment, and if CUD severity moderated these associations. During the first week of treatment, cannabis grams were related to longer sleep among AYA with severe CUD and shorter sleep among AYA with mild CUD. During the second week, greater cannabis grams related to shorter sleep duration, regardless of CUD severity. Additionally, during these first 2 weeks, cannabis grams were related to reduced trouble sleeping. Cannabis use was otherwise unassociated with sleep duration and trouble. Findings suggest clinicians treating AYA CUD should provide greater sleep management skills early in treatment.

Traditional diagnostic and services pathways often overlook the nuanced ways that mental health problems and strengths appear in community settings. Some researchers have therefore used person-centered statistics-or clustering analyses-to identify profiles of socioemotional and behavioral difficulties and well-being traits in preclinical settings such as schools and communities. The objective of this review was to synthesize common adolescent mental health profiles within the literature and examine the state of the science. A systematic review of the literature was completed. Only studies that assessed multiple types of difficulties and/or strengths across community and/or school samples were included. A total of 3960 studies were screened, and k = 13 were included. Data extraction focused on the types of clusters in each included study, along with associated information like standardized scores, qualitative descriptions, sample size, and demographic characteristics. Data were integrated using a narrative synthesis, and meta-analysis was used to investigate the prevalence of each cluster. Data were reviewed from n = 103,098 adolescents in 10 countries across 3 World Health Organization (WHO) Regions with a mean (SD) age of 13.72 ± 1.76 years. A total of 59 clusters were identified, and these consisted of 6 main cluster types. The 4 most prevalent cluster types described patterns of Flourishing, Moderate Mental Health, Struggling, and Mental Health Problems. The other 2 cluster types were less prevalent and associated with Languishing or Asymptomatic presentations. Cluster types also differed with respect to the intensity, complexity, and depth of the core profile features. This review describes commonly identified mental health profiles in large representative samples of adolescents. The quality of included studies was generally acceptable, but the literature suffers from variance in how clusters are generated and how mental health is assessed. Overall, this review can guide the development of new classifications of youth mental health and inform early-stage intervention approaches in community settings.

Previous cross-sectional studies have linked over-parenting to adolescent non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), but within-person associations, especially across cultures, remain unexplored. This study investigated the transactional association between over-parenting and NSSI among Chinese (N = 596, M = 15.05, SD = 1.27) and Belgian (N = 213, M = 14.22, SD = 1.57) adolescents using a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) across three waves with a 3-month interval. The results revealed no significant within-person predictive effects between over-parenting and NSSI over time in either the Chinese or Belgian subsample. However, a significant between-person association was observed in the Chinese sample, but not in the Belgian sample. Multi-group RI-CLPM analysis indicated no significant cross-cultural differences in autoregressive and cross-lagged paths, nor in between- or within-person associations, suggesting cultural similarities. Potential mechanisms linking over-parenting to NSSI and directions for future research are discussed.

Adolescents' educational aspirations have substantial implications for their educational and psychological outcomes. However, little is known about the heterogeneity in trajectories of educational aspirations throughout adolescence, as well as their potential antecedents and impacts. Using data from a 5-wave longitudinal study lasting for 8 years of a nationally representative sample of 2553 adolescents (aged 10-15 years at baseline survey, M = 12.45, SD = 1.73; 49.7% girls) recruited from 25 provinces in China, this study investigated distinct developmental patterns of educational aspirations from Time 1 to Time 5 and tested how they were related to educational and psychological outcomes at Time 5 when the participants were 18-23 years old. Growth mixture modeling identified three distinct trajectories of educational aspirations: low-increasing (35.8%), moderate-stable (55.1%), and high-decreasing (9.1%). After controlling for covariates, individuals who followed the low-increasing trajectory reported lower levels of actual educational attainment at Time 5 compared with the other two groups, as well as more depressive symptoms than the moderate-stable trajectory group. However, the three trajectory groups did not differ significantly from one another in terms of subjective well-being. Furthermore, age, gender, parental educational levels, residence, and perceived academic performance are significant predictors of distinct educational aspiration trajectories. These findings emphasize the value of considering heterogeneous developmental patterns among adolescents when examining the long-term effects of educational aspirations on educational attainment and psychological well-being.

Childhood conduct problems are associated with problematic substance use in adulthood; however, little is known about what might explain these associations outside of high-income countries where the majority of research is conducted. Data were analyzed from 4599 young people from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort in Brazil. The exposure was conduct problems (age 11 years). Outcomes included hazardous alcohol consumption and illicit drug use (age 22 years). Mediators included police arrest (by age 18 years), gang membership (ages 18 and 22 years), and school noncompletion (by age 22 years). We performed counterfactual mediation using the parametric g-computation formula to estimate the indirect effect via all three mediators simultaneously. After adjusting for confounders (including hyperactivity problems), conduct problems were weakly associated with police arrest (OR [95% CI] = 1.45 [0.97, 2.16]) and school noncompletion (OR [95% CI] = 1.46 [1.22, 1.74]), but not with gang membership. Police arrest and gang membership were associated with illicit drug use (OR [95% CI] = 3.84 [2.46, 5.99]; OR [95% CI] = 7.78 [4.30, 14.10], respectively) and with hazardous alcohol use (OR [95% CI] = 1.60 [1.08, 2.38]; OR [95% CI] = 1.88 [1.07, 3.30]), after adjusting for confounders (including hyperactivity and emotional problems). There was no association between school noncompletion and either outcome after confounder adjustment. There was little evidence for an indirect effect of conduct problems on hazardous alcohol use and illicit drug use via all three mediators after confounder adjustment. Findings highlight the importance of school professionals being aware of the risk for school noncompletion for those with conduct problems. Additionally, programmes designed to reduce substance use in Brazil should focus on young people involved in gangs, and in the criminal justice system.

This study explored the connections among adolescents' Theory of Mind (ToM), social anhedonia, loneliness, and self-concept. Research with clinical populations shows interrelations between mainly poor ToM skills, higher loneliness, a weaker self-concept, and high levels of social anhedonia. This study extends this work by investigating their relation in a nonclinical adolescent population of 236 Canadian adolescents from ages 11-18. Results revealed that ToM negatively predicted social anhedonia, with adolescents with poorer ToM skills reporting higher levels of social anhedonia. Loneliness, but not self-concept, significantly mediated the relation between ToM and social anhedonia. Adolescents with lower ToM skills were more likely to report feelings of loneliness, which in turn predicted greater social anhedonia. Implications include support for developmentally appropriate and culturally informed interventions that promote strong social connections and loneliness reduction.

Historically marginalized adolescents experience environmental stressors that contribute to psychological distress and compromised academic outcomes. Prior research highlights the role of a positive school climate and school engagement in promoting both academic achievement and psychological well-being. Building on this work, we propose school engagement may mediate relationships between stressful life events (SLEs) and campus climate on academic achievement and psychological distress. In a sample of 293 historically marginalized adolescents (81.2% Latine), path analyses showed mediation between campus climate, SLEs, and psychological distress via school engagement. Additionally, school engagement partially mediated the link between SLEs and academic achievement. Multiple regression analyses revealed school-related challenges were associated with lower school engagement, more psychological distress, and lower academic achievement. These findings highlight the critical role of school engagement in shaping both academic and psychological outcomes. Implications for equity-focused initiatives are discussed.

Middle school years are a turbulent period for students to develop their adaptive academic motivation and engagement. However, a person-centered longitudinal investigation on changes in academic motivation and engagement is scarce. Through a two-wave survey with a four-month interval, this study investigated the configurations, transitions, and the predictive roles of basic psychological needs satisfaction on transitions in academic motivation and engagement profiles among 502 Chinese seventh graders (261 boys; Mean age = 12.34 at Time 1). Latent profile analysis revealed three profiles at both measurement occasions: highly motivated-and-engaged, moderately motivated-and-engaged, and demotivated-and-disengaged profiles. Latent transition analysis showed that while 61.16% of students maintained their initial profiles, 15.54% transitioned to more adaptive profiles and 24.30% shifted to less adaptive profiles. Notably, autonomy need satisfaction emerged as the protective factor preventing the highly motivated-and-engaged students from falling into the moderately motivated-and-engaged status. Implications and future research directions for middle school students' motivation and engagement are discussed.

Taking risks is a crucial part of adolescent development, encompassing both positive (socially valued) and negative (potentially life-threatening) behaviors. While cognitive control is known to reduce harmful risk behaviors, its relationship with beneficial risk-taking remains unclear. This study investigated how multiple components of cognitive control relate to both types of risk-taking and explored learning as a potential pathway to adaptive risk-taking. We assessed 127 adolescents (ages 12-18, 65% female, 60% White) using experimental cognitive tasks, self-report measures, and an adapted balloon analog risk task. Working memory and proactive control were associated with reduced negative risk-taking (NRT) but not positive risk-taking (PRT). Effortful control showed a unique divergent pattern, being associated with both reduced NRT and increased willingness for PRT. These associations diminished with age, perhaps due to the increasing influence of external factors like opportunity and social context. Better learning in low-risk experimental conditions related to reduced real-world NRT, though this learning ability was not associated with cognitive control measures. These findings contribute to expanding our understanding of how cognitive control relates to adolescent adaptive risk-taking and open up perspectives for effective interventions.

This study examined the role of contextual factors in shaping adolescents' social-emotional learning (SEL) using data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018. The sample included 292,466 15-year-old adolescents across 42 countries or economies (18 low- and 24 high-context economies). Network analysis highlighted stress resilience, cooperation, perseverance, and curiosity as pivotal skills of SEL, with stress resilience emerging as central. The results further indicated significant cultural variations in how contextual factors would affect students' SEL: In high-context cultures (where communication relies heavily on implicit and situational cues), teacher-student relationships played a more central role, while in low-context cultures (where communication tends to be explicit and direct), sense of school belonging was prioritized. These results underscored the need for culturally responsive SEL programs, tailored to specific cultural dynamics, to support optimal skill development.

While adolescent pregnancy is widely recognized as a marker of early-life disadvantage, less is known about its long-term occupational consequences. This study examines the relationship between adolescent pregnancy experiences and precarious employment in adulthood, distinguishing between three pregnancy outcomes: abortion, miscarriage, and live birth. Using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we estimate school-fixed effects regression models to assess whether adolescent pregnancy is associated with greater labor market precarity. To examine underlying mechanisms, we employ multivariate bootstrap mediation analysis to test the mediating roles of educational attainment, incarceration history, and depressive symptoms. Findings indicate that all pregnancy outcomes are linked to increased risk of precarious employment, with educational attainment emerging as a consistent mediator across all outcomes-accounting for 28.2% of the total effect for live birth, 15.4% for miscarriage, and 14.1% for abortion. Incarceration significantly mediates the association for live birth (16.8%) and miscarriage (17.0%), but not abortion. Depressive symptoms have a relatively smaller overall impact, mediating 13.7% of the effect for abortion only. These results underscore the importance of disaggregating adolescent pregnancy experiences and identifying key mechanisms to better understand how early reproductive events shape labor market inequality across the life course. Findings point to the need for targeted, outcome-specific interventions that support continued education, reduce criminal justice exposure, and address mental health to mitigate long-term employment precarity among adolescent pregnancy survivors.

Despite indications of positive associations between ethnic-racial identity and youth adjustment in ethno-racially diverse European contexts, little is known about how to effectively support ethnic-racial identity development through intervention to elicit such desirable outcomes. This longitudinal preregistered study examined whether a school-based intervention, the Identity Project, impacted psychosocial and academic adjustment through the ethnic-racial identity processes of exploration and resolution among adolescents in Sweden. The study included 509 adolescents attending the 10th grade (M = 16.28, SD = 0.80; 52% migration background; 65% self-identified girls). Participants were randomized into an intervention or wait-list control group. Data were collected and assessed at baseline and three times postintervention. Path analyses indicated a positive indirect intervention effect on psychosocial and academic adjustment through resolution, but not through exploration. However, the intervention did not moderate the associations between resolution and youth adjustment, and the intervention effects did not differ based on migration background, suggesting that the links between resolution and youth adjustment may be a normative part of adolescence. In sum, despite small intervention effects, the current study highlights the potential benefits of supporting youth toward ethnic-racial identity resolution.

Although peer victimization is an established risk factor for behavioral problems in adolescents, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. To address this gap, this study examined whether peer victimization may be indirectly associated with behavioral problems through executive function and whether these associations may be moderated by resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in adolescents. A total of 298 Chinese adolescents (M = 12.88 years, SD = 0.69 years, 53% female) participated in this study. Participants completed questionnaires on peer victimization, executive function, and internalizing and externalizing problems. They also participated in a 3-min resting electrocardiogram recording, during which their resting RSA was measured. The results showed that exposure to peer victimization was associated with higher levels of internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescents through its relation to executive function. Additionally, resting RSA moderated these relations, with the indirect associations between peer victimization and behavioral problems through executive function being stronger in adolescents with low rather than high resting RSA. Our findings highlight that poor executive function serves as a potential mechanism linking peer victimization to adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems, with this process varying by individual cardiac vagal tone.

Most studies about the relation between economic hardship and child/adolescent outcomes include either objective assessments of economic hardship, such as income and social benefits, or both objective and subjective assessments without disentangling their effects. The aim of this meta-analysis was to synthesize the evidence about the strength of the association between perceived (subjective) economic hardship and psychological outcomes of school-aged children and adolescents (ages 6-18). We hypothesized a negative association between perceived economic hardship (by children, parents, or both) and child/adolescent positive adjustment outcomes and a positive association between perceived economic hardship and child/adolescent negative adjustment outcomes. The design and reporting of this meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Based on a comprehensive and systematic literature search of relevant peer-reviewed articles and dissertations, 53 cross-sectional studies (344 effects) were included in this meta-analysis. We used correlated and hierarchical effects models with robust variance estimation to synthesize the results. Results showed a small but significant negative pooled effect size for positive adjustment outcomes (r = -.132, 95% CI [-0.171, -0.092], p < .001) and a positive pooled effect size for negative adjustment outcomes (r = .177, 95% CI [0.129, 0.225], p < .001). For both positive adjustment and negative adjustment outcomes, type of outcome was a significant moderator. Additionally, parent education was a significant moderator for positive adjustment outcomes, with stronger effects for studies with less educated parents. For negative adjustment outcomes, the moderator informants was also significant. Notably, despite our broad age range, child/adolescent age was not a significant moderator. We also conducted supplementary analyses for the few studies reporting longitudinal effects, which yielded similar, albeit expectedly smaller, effect sizes. Overall, the results point to a small significant relation between perceived economic hardship and adjustment outcomes, which can have implications for research with children and adolescents, by informing strategies to mitigate the effects of perceived hardship.

Along with the rapid popularization of short-form video applications, adolescents' addiction to short-form videos has received increasing attention, but research on the bidirectional relationship between short-form video addiction (SFVA) and anxiety symptoms is limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to fill this gap by examining the interrelationship between these two variables and the potential mediating role of delayed gratification. This study surveyed 1143 Chinese high school students (50.04% male; M = 15.87, SD = 0.88 at time 1) across two waves of data collection spaced 6 months apart, measuring SFVA, delay of gratification, and anxiety symptoms at both time points. Using cross-lagged panel modeling, this study found that anxiety symptoms positively predicted subsequent SFVA, and SFVA positively predicted subsequent anxiety symptoms, suggesting a bidirectional relationship; furthermore, delay of gratification significantly mediated the relationship in both directions; specifically, anxiety symptoms increased the risk of SFVA by decreasing the ability to delay gratification, and vice versa. These findings emphasize the mediating role of delayed gratification, implying that interventions targeted at improving delayed gratification in adolescents may help to disrupt the vicious cycle of anxiety symptoms and SFVA.

Racial discrimination represents a pervasive source of stress that is associated with internalizing symptoms such as anxiety and depression among Black youth. Emergent research suggests that the link between racial discrimination and internalizing symptoms may be influenced by individual and family level processes, such as youth age and parental racial worry. Building from this prior scholarship, the current study examined whether youth age and parental racial worry uniquely and conjointly moderated the association between youth racial discrimination and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Participants were 189 Black adolescents (ages 11-18; 48% female; M = 14.43) and their primary caregivers (M = 42.75) who completed surveys assessing youth racial discrimination frequencies, youth anxiety and depression symptoms, and parental racial worry. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that racial discrimination and parental racial worry were positively associated with youth anxiety and depression symptoms. Further, results also demonstrated that the association between racial discrimination and anxiety symptoms was significant across age groups and levels of parental racial worry, except for older adolescents whose caregivers reported low levels of worry. Findings highlight the importance of considering how youth age and parental racial worry may intersect to exacerbate mental health concerns among Black youth.

Juvenile delinquency has significant impacts on physical and mental health in adulthood, yet longitudinal research investigating cognitive consequences of delinquent behavior is limited. This study investigates potential pathways linking adolescent delinquent behavior to memory performance in adulthood, with particular attention to proximal psychosocial and behavioral mediators. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health and employing school fixed-effects models, we examine the association between juvenile delinquency and memory performance in adulthood. We distinguish between nonviolent and violent delinquent behaviors to investigate differential associations. Moreover, we conduct multivariate bootstrapped mediation analyses with several mechanism variables, including disciplinary action, substance use, psychological factors, sleep behaviors, and social support. The association between juvenile delinquency and memory performance in adulthood was confounded by individual and family-level characteristics. Differentiating between violent and nonviolent behaviors, violent delinquency was negatively associated with memory performance, even after adjusting for individual and family characteristics as well as school fixed effects. Mediation analyses indicated that disciplinary action, psychological factors, and social support mediated the association between violent delinquency and memory performance. Depressive symptoms (25.7%) and suspension (17.7%) emerged as the most salient mediating factors, followed by perceived care from teachers (8.6%). Our findings further demonstrate that these early psychosocial and behavioral disruptions may impair memory performance in adulthood by undermining educational attainment. The results of this study suggest that engagement in violent behaviors during adolescence is longitudinally associated with worse memory performance in adulthood. We also provide evidence on the potential pathways through which violent delinquency can impact future memory performance, prompting considerations for more effective intervention strategies for delinquent youth.

Biracial Black-White adolescents report more psychological distress than most monoracial youth, but less is known about the factors that precede or protect Biracial youth from such distress. This study examines how racial identity invalidation (RII; the denial of a Biracial person's racial identity/belonging) relates to depressive symptoms and satisfaction with life (SWL) among 330 Biracial Black-White adolescents in the United States (67% boys; M = 14.8, SD = 1.5). Guided by the identity capital model, it also examines whether racial flexibility (e.g., shifting between different racial identities based on what race is valued in a social context) and personal authenticity moderate those associations. The analyses included two moderated moderation regression models, which showed that RII was associated with more depressive symptoms and less satisfaction with life. Significant interaction effects emerged, illustrating that racial flexibility and authenticity may be promotive and protective for Biracial Black-White adolescents. The two moderators, however, functioned differently for each indicator of well-being (e.g., depressive symptoms vs. satisfaction with life). Implications for research and practice are discussed.

The relationship between low self-esteem and bullying involvement, particularly the temporal antecedence of the relationship, has been inconclusive. A potential explanation for these mixed findings is the limited consideration of bullying subtypes (i.e., physical, verbal, and relational) within longitudinal frameworks. This study examines the longitudinal relationships of self-esteem with each type of bullying perpetration and victimization by gender. Random intercept cross-lagged panel models were analyzed with the data from 3617 South Korean adolescents (female = 48.3%, age mean = 12.43, SD = 1.48 in the first wave) of the Seoul Education Longitudinal Study for three waves (7th to 9th grade). The results revealed that self-esteem was an outcome of both bullying perpetration and victimization. That is, it is not personal traits such as self-esteem that lead adolescents to engage in or become victims of bullying, but rather, involvement in bullying results in a subsequent decline in self-esteem. When all three subtypes of bullying involvement were considered simultaneously, only physical perpetration and relational victimization negatively predicted subsequent self-esteem. These findings underscore the importance of differentiating bullying subtypes in longitudinal analyses of self-esteem and point to the need for closer attention to the possibility that physical perpetration and relational victimization may be associated with subsequent decreases in self-esteem.

Past research has associated adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with higher levels of affective distress. However, the mediation and moderation mechanisms among adolescents are less clear, particularly regarding the inconsistent findings on whether typical resilience factors (e.g., individual resilience and social support) effectively buffer the impacts of ACEs. Previous debates often did not adequately consider the interplays of resilience factors with different ACE dimensions, with less attention to the corresponding unique moderated mediation pathways (e.g., via basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration). This study examined the moderated mediation mechanisms linking two ACE dimensions (i.e., maltreatment versus household dysfunction) to adolescent affective distress, with the mediating role of basic psychological needs and the moderating role of different resilience factors (i.e., individual resilience, peer support, and teacher support). A two-wave longitudinal survey obtained 992 valid adolescent participants from China (mean age = 14.215 years, SD = 1.165 at Wave 1). Structural equation modeling was used to examine moderated mediation models. The results showed that (1) Maltreatment (not household dysfunction) positively predicted affective distress (total effects); (2) needs frustration (not needs satisfaction) significantly mediated the maltreatment-affective distress relation, with maltreatment positively related to needs frustration, which in turn positively predicted affective distress; (3) individual resilience, peer support, and teacher support intensified the link between maltreatment and needs frustration, with the moderating effects on other pathways nonsignificant. This study reveals the distinct impacts of the two ACE dimensions and underscores the limitations and risks of the resilience factors in the ACE context.

Research suggests that adolescents often perceive parental behaviors-such as expressions of warmth and affection-differently than their parents do. These parent-adolescent discrepancies offer meaningful insight into family functioning during adolescence and adolescent mental health, though existing findings remain mixed. Grounded in interpersonal acceptance-rejection theory (IPARTheory), this study investigates longitudinal, bidirectional associations between parent-adolescent discrepancies in perceived parental warmth and adolescent internalizing symptoms. The sample included 1219 parent-adolescent dyads (both mothers and fathers) from 12 cultural groups across 9countries, followed across three time points spanning 5 years, with children's mean age being 10.72 years (SD = 0.67) at Wave 1, 13.19 years (SD = 0.90) at Wave 2, and 15.60 years (SD = 0.94) at Wave 3. The results of latent congruence models showed that mothers reported higher warmth than adolescents, whereas no significant discrepancies emerged between fathers and adolescents. The cross-sectional analyses indicated that a higher parent-adolescent discrepancy in parental warmth perceptions was linked to increased internalizing symptoms in adolescents and lower overall warmth perceived by parents and adolescents in the dyad. However, over the long term, marginal effects were observed only between greater internalizing symptoms in adolescents and lower overall warmth experienced, and vice versa. Additionally, some cross-cultural differences in the discrepancies between parents and adolescents were identified. These findings highlight the importance of congruence between parents' and adolescents' perceptions of parental warmth, which may play a critical role in reducing adolescent internalizing symptoms, at least in the short term. Future research should deepen these dynamics across different cultures and developmental stages to improve intervention strategies and strengthen family-based mental health support.

Researchers have debated whether peer victimization and peer sexual harassment (PSH) are branches from the same tree and/or whether they are different constructs; yet no previous study has been able to clarify this issue. We used exploratory structural equation modeling to examine three different, theoretically informed ways of conceptualizing peer victimization and PSH. Annual three-wave questionnaire data included 997 participants at T1 (M age = 10.0 years, SD = 0.3). Results indicated that peer victimization and PSH should best be viewed as two distinct, yet related constructs - a proposition valid across both time (ages 10-12) and genders. The findings from the present study can inform future research on adolescents' adverse peer experiences.

Most research on emotional functioning focuses on the intensity of emotions. Little is known about how current emotion predicts future emotion, or how emotions fluctuate. Understanding how day-to-day emotional dynamic indices change over time, especially during adolescence, is important, as this developmental stage represents a critical period for emotional development. This study investigates the developmental trajectories of emotional dynamics in adolescents. One hundred seventy nine adolescents (44.1% males, M = 12.80 ± 0.41) at baseline participated in the current study as part of a larger longitudinal study (the Circadian Light in Adolescence, Sleep and School [CLASS] Study). Positive and negative affect were assessed daily via ecological momentary assessment (EMA) for 2 weeks every 6 months over 2 years. Bayesian multilevel location scale models were used to characterize emotional dynamic trajectories. Positive affect inertia (p = .005) and variability (p < .001) decreased, and negative affect intensity (p = .015) increased significantly over time. Higher positive affect intensity was associated with lower positive affect variability, with a coefficient of -.25. All negative affect dynamic indices were significantly correlated with each other (r = .26 to .75). Adolescent's negative affect intensity increased with age, while positive affect inertia and variability decreased. The increase in negative affect intensity, combined with its positive relationship to emotional problems, may heighten vulnerability to negative emotional states. The reduction in positive affect inertia and variability suggests improved flexibility in regulating positive affect, potentially offering a stabilizing effect. Research should explore their link to clinical mood disturbances and their potential as early warning signs.

Despite the growing body of research on cyber dating violence, a comprehensive understanding of gender differences in cyber-violent behaviors across developmental stages remains limited. The main purpose of this meta-analytic review was to estimate the direction and magnitude of gender differences in cyber dating violence perpetration and victimization by synthesizing results from various studies. The second purpose of this study was to examine the effect of potential moderators (i.e., continent, age, grade level, time frame, method of survey administration, the metric of the outcome, study design, publication status, and publication year) on these differences. Various databases were used to identify relevant studies, including PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, PsycINFO, ERIC, and ProQuest. Eighty-one individual studies with a total sample of 70,233 participants, ranging in age from 10 to 30 years (M = 18.94), were included based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria in the present study. Most studies were conducted in North America and Europe with the largest proportions from the United States and Spain. Results indicated that there were no statistically significant gender differences (women vs. men; girls vs. boys) in perpetration and victimization of cyber dating violence. Moderator analyses showed that grade level and sample age were statistically significant moderators of gender differences in cyber dating violence victimization. However, other moderators (continent, time frame, method of survey administration, the metric of the outcome, study design, publication status, and publication year) were not statistically significant. This study contributes to understanding gender differences in cyber-violent behaviors during adolescence and emerging adulthood and highlights the importance of some moderators when developing targeted prevention and intervention strategies.

Stress mindset-how individuals perceive stress as either enhancing or debilitating-shapes stress experiences and influences mental and physical health outcomes. Yet, its relationship with sleep health remains underexplored. This study examined the longitudinal association between stress mindset and sleep health among Chinese adolescents and tested whether stress mindset moderates the adverse effects of stress on sleep. We analyzed two-wave data from 4,897 adolescents (M = 13.34, SD = 0.64, range = 10-15 years; 50.6% girls) from two middle schools in Sichuan Province, China. At baseline and 1 year later, adolescents completed self-report measures of stress mindset, stress experience, sleep outcomes, and demographic information including age, gender, subjective socioeconomic status, parental education level, and boarding status. A stress-is-enhancing mindset, compared to a stress-is-debilitating mindset, predicted longer sleep duration and better sleep quality 1 year later, independent of baseline sleep outcomes, stress levels, and demographic factors. Additionally, stress mindset moderated the association between stress levels and sleep duration, with a stress-is-enhancing mindset buffering against the negative impact of stress levels on sleep duration. Findings underscore the protective role of a stress-is-enhancing mindset in improving sleep quantity and quality, particularly under high stress. Interventions fostering a stress-is-enhancing mindset may be a promising approach to improving adolescent sleep health.

There is currently a mental health epidemic among adolescents, with record high rates of depression, particularly among females. Although many potential causes of this epidemic have been suggested, very little attention has been paid to the school context, despite the fact that academic pressures have increased in recent decades. Intense pressure to excel is thought to play a role in the development of depression, but little is known about how worries about school might play a role in the mental health crisis. We used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to assess day-to-day worries, including school-related worries, in early adolescent females and the links between school-related worries and daily affect, as well as depressive symptoms over 1 year. Participants were 117 youth assigned female at birth, ages 11-13 (M = 12.25[0.80]), with 2/3 at heightened risk for depression due to shy/fearful temperament. Across 16 days, youth reported a daily worry in the morning and rated their positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) 3-4 times per day. School-related worries were the most frequently reported concerns, comprising 28% of total worries, more than triple the rate of any other categories. On days when school worries were reported, participants exhibited lower levels of same-day PA, compared with when other types of worries were reported. There were no associations between school worries and daily NA. The intensity of school worries predicted higher depressive symptoms at 1-year follow-up, particularly for low-risk participants. Findings suggest that school worries are pervasive among early adolescent females and may serve to dampen positive emotions, perhaps by diverting attention and time from potential positive experiences. School worries also contributed to increases in depressive symptoms over the course of 1 year, suggesting that school concerns warrant greater attention as a potential factor in the youth mental health crisis. Worries about school represent a potentially modifiable risk factor for depression, which could be addressed at the individual, family, school, and/or policy level.

This study tested whether measurement of the Familism scale of the Mexican American Cultural Values Scale (comprising Support, Obligations, and Referent subscales) was invariant across parent and youth reporters in early adolescence and examined whether reporter discrepancies predicted youth functioning across substance use, problem behavior, academic, peer, and family domains 1 year later. The sample comprised 2410 multi-ethnic Hispanic/Latino/a youth (M = 12.87 years; 48% female) and their parents from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. At least partial metric invariance was established for Support and Obligations subscales, suggesting associations between mean levels of these subscales with other measures can be meaningfully compared by parent and youth reporters. However, the Referent subscale and Total Familism scale demonstrated only configural invariance, meaning their structure was similar across reporters, but item loadings, latent means, and associations with other measures were not comparable. Reporter discrepancies in Support and Obligations did not account for unique variance in any indicator of youth functioning beyond the main effects of parent and youth Support and Obligations, both of which were associated with adaptive youth outcomes. Both parent and youth reports on the Familism scale of the Mexican American Cultural Values Scale have demonstrated reliability and validity in previous work, but our tests of measurement invariance suggest only the Support and Obligations subscales, but not the Referent or Familism scales, can be meaningfully compared across parent and youth reporters. This work has important implications for the assessment of familism in early adolescence and its role for youth well-being.