High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy is increasingly used for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants and young children, but recommendations vary, and standardised practice is lacking.

Elastomeric devices (EDs) allow infusion of antibiotic via an intravenous catheter over 24 hours, supporting outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy. We conducted a systematic review of these devices in a paediatric population.

The existence of international agencies dedicated to the health and well-being of children has spanned only the last 100 years, and has coincided with unprecedented progress in child health. A brief history of these agencies is reviewed, the strategies they supported and the challenges they faced, in the context of the last turbulent century, and the current State of the World's children. Ultimately, these agencies are as effective as the people who support them, and this is a role for paediatricians and child health workers everywhere.

It is suggested that late initiation of toilet training contributes to functional gastrointestinal disorders in children. This study aims to evaluate if assisted infant toilet training can reduce the prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders during the first 9 months of life.

Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment for children with end-stage kidney disease, offering notable improvements in long-term survival and overall quality of life. Nonetheless, paediatric transplant recipients are susceptible to a spectrum of complications that compromise allograft function and overall health. This review highlights key post-transplant complications to aid general paediatricians in recognising and managing these challenges in concert with nephrologists. Early post-transplant complications include surgical issues and electrolyte abnormalities. Infectious complications are most frequent during the first year post-transplant and include viruses such as cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and BK virus, as well as urinary tract infections and pneumonia. These infections are largely related to the degree of immunosuppression and require close monitoring. Cardiovascular and metabolic conditions, including hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and post-transplant diabetes mellitus, are also prevalent and contribute to long-term morbidity. These issues often stem from pre-existing kidney disease and ongoing immunosuppressive therapy. Allograft rejection, whether antibody-mediated or T cell-mediated, continues to be a major threat to graft survival. Early detection through donor-specific antibody screening and timely biopsy is essential for prompt intervention. Additional challenges include increased cancer risk, particularly post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, and recurrence of primary kidney disease. By recognising these complications early, general paediatricians play a crucial role in multidisciplinary care, improving graft survival and patient outcomes.

The centenary of () presents an opportunity to reflect on a century of paediatric research and consider how best to leverage this ever-growing repository for future use. While content is indexed via PubMed and medical subject headings terms, this provides a superficial representation of complex journal content, leading to limited accessibility. We discuss the potential utility of large language models (LLMs)-advanced artificial intelligence systems that can understand, summarise and generate human-like language-and demonstrate their feasibility for structuring historical articles, proposing a future pipeline to enhance indexing, retrieval and discoverability.

Our objective was to update a 2015 systematic review of the literature which identified associations between chronic health conditions before age 18 years and economic outcomes in adulthood.

2026 marks not only 100 years since the first edition of , but also 50 years since the Court Report which marked the beginning of a process to extend the practice of paediatrics from the hospital to the community. I've spent much of my life staring out of windows, wondering what was on the other side. As a junior doctor, from the hospital windows, I wondered where the children came from, where they went back to after discharge and why some ill, and some not so ill, children seemed to be admitted again and again. The hospital toolkit did not seem to have a remedy for poor parenting or the excess morbidity from disadvantaged areas. Starting in the 1970s, a number of articles caught my attention-these papers, written by paediatricians, expressed similar questions, concerns and frustrations to those that preoccupied me as I gazed out the window. What's more, these papers went on to suggest possible answers to these problems. In this article, I have selected three seminal papers published at the time when the first consultant community paediatric services were being planned. The three studies highlight the identification and the need to respond to those factors in the family and environment that have such a powerful influence on morbidity and mortality in childhood.

The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of metformin on anthropometric indices, hormones and adipocytokine concentrations in children with overweight or obesity.