Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a rapid bedside imaging modality available to clinicians for the diagnosis of pleuropulmonary infections. Compared with chest radiography, POCUS is more sensitive in identifying pneumonia and its complications (parapneumonic pleural effusions, necrosis, and abscesses). The most common sonographic features of pneumonia are consolidation (with irregular margins and dynamic air bronchograms), B-lines, and pleural effusion. POCUS also has prognostic applications, for example, to determine the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia or to predict residual pleural thickening in a tuberculous effusion. Finally, the presence of a complex septated ultrasound pattern in the context of pleural infection is indicative of the need for drainage, which is performed using a thoracostomy tube and instillation of intrapleural enzyme therapy.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is characterized by defective differentiation of B lymphocytes, hypogammaglobulinemia, and infections, although its clinical presentation is much more heterogeneous, with autoimmunity, interstitial lung disease, enteropathy, lymphoproliferation, malignancy, among others. Patients with CVID should undergo extensive immunological evaluations and regular assessment of the multiple organs that may be affected, ideally by multidisciplinary teams specialized in immunodeficiencies. Infections usually improve significantly after the initiation of immunoglobulin replacement therapy and other preventive measures, with non-infectious manifestations now posing the greatest therapeutic challenge. Identifying a genetic cause allows for the reclassification of patients, it has prognostic and therapeutic implications, and enables genetic counseling for family members.

Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) attending Spanish Internal Medicine outpatient clinics (SIMOs) are frequently older, and DOACs are underused.

Musculoskeletal ultrasound is a safe and easily accessible imaging technique that allows the study of suspected infections of the musculoskeletal system. Although no finding is specific to these types of processes, certain synovial characteristics may suggest an infectious process rather than a non-infectious inflammatory condition. The role of ultrasound in this group of diseases is also to facilitate the extraction of synovial fluid for microbiological study. Ultrasound-guided synovial tissue biopsy is a minimally invasive, feasible, safe, and well-tolerated procedure that provides high-quality tissue samples, enhancing diagnostic capabilities in cases of suspected infectious arthritis, especially when synovial fluid analysis is negative or inconclusive.

Werner and Bell synthesized metformin in 1922. In 2006, the International Diabetes Federation recognized metformin as the first-line drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. This review updates the pharmacological properties, adverse effects and therapeutic pleiotropism of metformin applied to the treatment of diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, appetite regulation, intestinal flora dysbiosis, cardiovascular and renal protection, treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, reduction of risk and mortality from various neoplasms, and prolongation of lifespan.

Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is a progressive disease caused by cardiac amyloid deposition. Transthyretin stabilizers (TTRS) are a potential treatment, but their efficacy and safety remain uncertain. This study aims to evaluate the effects of TTRS on all-cause mortality, functional capacity, quality of life, and adverse events in ATTR-CM patients.

This study aimed to clarify whether quantitative high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) analysis can assess the condition of interstitial lung disease (ILD) associated with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 positive (anti MDA5+) dermatomyositis (DM) and investigate the efficacy of tofacitinib in the treatment of anti-MDA5+ DM.

There are no data on the effect of oral anticoagulant treatment on the prognosis of patients with acute heart failure (AHF). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of oral anticoagulant treatment on the short- and long-term prognosis of patients with an episode of AHF requiring hospital emergency department (ED) care.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a major cardiovascular risk, is often associated with obesity and hypertension. Once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide (OWS-Sema) can improve these conditions, but factors influencing blood pressure (BP) effects are not well studied. This study aimed to assess the impact of OWS-Sema on systolic BP (SBP) and identify clinical factors associated with its reduction in patients with T2DM.

Agents targeting the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) are effective in managing metabolic conditions associated with obesity, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In OSA, studies with first generation GLP-1R agonists (ArGLP-1) and co-agonists (GLP-1/GIP) have demonstrated significant improvements in the apnea-hypopnea index and weight reduction. In MASLD, GLP-1RAs and co-agonists (GLP-1/GIP or GLP-1/glucagon) have shown efficacy in reducing hepatic fat, improving fibrosis, and resolving steatohepatitis, with promising results from trials such as ESSENCE and SYNERGY-NASH. In CKD, semaglutide has been associated with a reduction in renal events and slower disease progression. Beyond their metabolic and cardiovascular benefits, these agents represent a comprehensive approach to treating obesity and its complications, with ongoing research exploring their potential indications in chronic inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa.

A narrative review assessed the utility of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in evaluating suspected infective endocarditis (IE). MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were searched for studies published from January 1, 2010 to January 31, 2025. Data extraction was performed independently by three authors. Thirty-five studies involving 293 participants were included, the majority being case reports. For detecting valvular vegetations, POCUS demonstrated a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 94%. POCUS may serve as a useful adjunct to bedside physical examination, facilitating the detection of echocardiographic findings suggestive of IE and other endovascular infections. Nonetheless, the predominance of case reports, which represent the lowest level of clinical evidence, substantially limits the external validity and generalizability of these results. Further high-quality studies are warranted to confirm the diagnostic performance and clinical impact of POCUS in this setting. Overall, POCUS shows promise but evidence remains limited by study design.