The wave propagation has the significant role in the field of coastal engineering and ocean. In the geographical fields, waves are primary source of environmental process owed to energy conveyance on floating structure. This study aims to investigate the system of cold bosonic atoms in zig-zag optics lattices. The solitonic patterns of the considered model successfully surveyed by using two integrated analytical techniques new extended direct algebraic and expansion method. The exact solutions are presented by rational, trigonometric, hyperbolic and exponential functions. On the basis of solitons, we need to show that which one is more integrated and robust scheme. These solutions will help to understood the dynamics of cold bosonic atoms in zig-zag optical lattices and the several other systems. Three dimensional as well as two dimensional comparison presented for a cold bosonic atoms model solutions which are revealed diagrammatically for appropriate parameters by using Mathematica. This study will help physicists to predict some new hypothesis and theories in the field of mathematical physics.

The analytical modeling for linear and non-linear impairments (LNI) for single mode fiber (SMF) and simulative analysis of extended power budget class-1 i.e. E1-class of next generation passive optic network-2 (NG-PON2) is presented in the paper. The proposed power-budget class time and wavelength division multiplexing (TWDM) based NG-PON2 network configuration is delivering symmetric 2.5 point-to-multi point (PtM) representing time and TWDM XGS-PON along with 10 Gbps point-to-point (PtP) wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) symmetric and coexistent channels (Ch) in worst-case scenario. Channel modelling of LNI is carried out under the incremental and aggregate strain of estimated chromatic dispersion CD, self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation (XPM) of single mode fiber (SMF) channel deployed in optical distributing network (ODN) between 20 and 50 km link lengths. Downlink (D/L) and uplink (U/L) ODN is optimized to PT = 7.1 dBm and 4.09 dBm, respectively and corresponding channel imparities including Kerr parameter , corresponding SPM, XPM, CD, four-wave mixing (FWM) analysis and corresponding component power and efficiency, interchange crosstalk () attracting power penalties () are estimated and incorporated in the simulation for the real response of lossy SMF channel. Further, splitter power budget (SP) and slitter configuration for respective PtM and PtP D/L Ch are estimated under the aggregate impact of CD, SPM, XPM and FWM. Analytical modeling of LNI and simulative analysis has confirmed the configuration delivered rise in receiver sensitivity (Rxs) of - 39.75/- 33.45 dBm and - 29/- 35.34 dBm for D/L and U/L Ch respectively. The estimated power of FWM element is between 1.34 × 10 to 2.15 × 10 and 3.87 × 10 to 2.41 × 10 contributing crosstalk between Ch () of - 31.97/- 30.12 dB for down/up spectrum under the impact of SPM and XPM respectively accommodating splitter configuration of 768 at 40 km.

In this work, we analyze the design of a graphene- and germanium-based plasmonic sensor with photonic spin Hall effect (PSHE) for detection of refractive index (RI) of a gas medium and magnetic field (B) applied to the graphene monolayer in THz frequency region. The PSHE phenomenon is studied in both conventional as well as modified weak measurements. The effect of gaseous medium thickness (d), transverse magnetic (TM) mode's order, and amplified angle parameter (Δ) is studied on the sensor's performance. Parameters such as sensitivity, resolution, and figure of merit have been considered for sensor's performance evaluation. The results indicate that in the conventional weak measurements, for a TM mode (with d = 20 µm, B = 0, and Δ = 0.1°), an RI resolution of 2.32 × 10 RIU is achievable for gas medium in the range 1-1.1 RIU. In the modified weak measurements, for a TM mode (with d = 100 µm, B = 0, and Δ = 0.1°), the RI resolution close to 1.39 × 10 RIU is achievable for gas sensing. The same sensor design was also studied for magnetic field sensing while keeping the value of gaseous medium RI (n) as 1. The results indicate that for a TM mode (with d = 20 µm and Δ = 0.1°), in the conventional weak measurements, a magnetic field resolution of 5.31 × 10 µT (i.e., 0.53 nT) is achievable for a range 0-1 T of B. Further, it is found that in contrast with the conventional case, the resolutions in the modified weak measurements are improved for large values of the Δ. Some of the results emerge better or comparable with the resolutions of RI and magnetic field measurement (5 × 10 RIU and 0.7 µT or 1.22 × 10 RIU and 1.46 × 10 µT) existing in the literature.

In this paper, we will study two various nonlinear models: the Atangana-Baleanu fractional system of equations for the ion sound and Langmuir waves (ISALWs) and Hirota Ramani equation to obtain variety of solitary wave solutions. We will obtain bright, dark, periodic wave and solitory wave for ISALWs equation. We will also retreived bell type, kink type, singular, Jacbion elliptic function, Weierstrass-elliptic function, hyperbolic functions, periodic functions and other solitary wave solutions for Hirota Ramani equation using Sub ODE technique under some constraint conditions. At the end we will present our solutions with the help of graphs in distinct dimensions.

Understanding the impact of the alloy micro-structure on carrier transport becomes important when designing III-nitride-based light emitting diode (LED) structures. In this work, we study the impact of alloy fluctuations on the hole carrier transport in (In,Ga)N single and multi-quantum well systems. To disentangle hole transport from electron transport and carrier recombination processes, we focus our attention on uni-polar (--) systems. The calculations employ our recently established multi-scale simulation framework that connects atomistic tight-binding theory with a macroscale drift-diffusion model. In addition to alloy fluctuations, we pay special attention to the impact of quantum corrections on hole transport. Our calculations indicate that results from a virtual crystal approximation present an upper limit for the hole transport in a -- structure in terms of the current-voltage characteristics. Thus we find that alloy fluctuations can have a detrimental effect on hole transport in (In,Ga)N quantum well systems, in contrast to uni-polar electron transport. However, our studies also reveal that the magnitude by which the random alloy results deviate from virtual crystal approximation data depends on several factors, e.g. how quantum corrections are treated in the transport calculations.

Klein-Gordon equation characterizes spin-particles through neutral charge field within quantum particle. In this context, fractionalized Klein-Gordon equation is investigated for the comparative analysis of the newly presented fractional differential techniques with non-singularity among kernels. The non-singular and non-local kernels of fractional differentiations have been employed on Klein-Gordon equation for the development of governing equation. The analytical solutions of Klein-Gordon equation have been traced out by fractional techniques by means of Laplace transforms and expressed in terms of series form and gamma function. The data analysis of fractionalized Klein-Gordon equation is observed for Pearson's correlation coefficient, probable error and regression analysis. For the sake of comparative analysis of fractional techniques, 2D sketch, 3D pie chart contour surface with projection and 3D bar sketch have been depicted on the basis of embedded parameters. Our results suggest that varying frequency has reversal trends for quantum wave and de Broglie wave.

Representation of triple unsymmetrical micro ring resonators (TUMRR) with single input and single output waveguide has been executed in this paper. Statistical demonstration of the presented arrangement is realized in the z-domain by a delay line signal processing method. The transfer function of the triple unsymmetrical micro ring resonator is calculated by Mason's Gain rule. The offered arrangement is performed on SOI (Silicon in Insulator) platform to achieve the filtering and biochemical sensing intentions. To acquire field response of the arrangement, Finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique is used. Characteristics of optical filters are studied from the frequency response plot and the achieved free spectral range is 243.5 GHz. The shift in wavelength for biosensing application is accomplished through the OptiFDTD software. The sensitivity of the proposed TUMRR based biosensor is around 200-280 nm/RIU for different blood cells where as the Q-factor attained is 1938.

In this paper, we design an all-optical Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) generator in parallel configuration for operating rate multiplication purposes. The sequential circuit comprises of several clocked D flip-flops, XOR gates and multiplexers implemented using microring resonator (MRR)-based switches. The proposed design is demonstrated and validated through simulations for 500 Gb/s and 400 Gb/s rate doubling and quadrupling, respectively, of a 5-bit degree PRBS. The MRR critical operating parameters are also optimized against performance metrics through numerical investigation.

This paper presents a performance comparison of heterostructure surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors for the application of Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. The comparison is performed and compared with the existing literature based on the performance parameters in terms of several prisms such as BaF, BK, CaF, CsF, SF, and SiO, several adhesion layers such as TiO, Chromium, plasmonic metals such as Ag, Au, and two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides materials such as BP, Graphene, PtSe MoS, MoSe, WS, WSe. To study the performance of the heterostructure SPR sensor, the transfer matrix method is applied, and to analyses, the electric field intensity near the graphene-sensing layer contact, the finite-difference time-domain approach is utilized. Numerical results show that the heterostructure comprised of CaF/TiO/Ag/BP/Graphene/Sensing-layer has the best sensitivity and detection accuracy. The proposed sensor has an angle shift sensitivity of 390°/refractive index unit (RIU). Furthermore, the sensor achieved a detection accuracy of 0.464, a quality factor of 92.86/RIU, a figure of merit of 87.95, and a combined sensitive factor of 85.28. Furthermore, varied concentrations (0-1000 nM) of biomolecule binding interactions between ligands and analytes have been observed for the prospects of diagnosis of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Results demonstrate that the proposed sensor is well suited for real-time and label-free detection particularly SARS-CoV-2 virus detection.

A new metamaterial refractive index sensor based on the impedance matching idea is suggested to provide an ultra-narrowband absorption response at terahertz frequencies. In order to accomplish this, the graphene layer has been modeled as circuit components using the recently developed transmission line method and the recently proposed circuit model of Periodic Arrays of Graphene Disks. The given research gives a flowchart and equations for designing a sensor, greatly simplifying the sensor design approach. This study only explores Periodic Arrays of Graphene Disks but we think the offered technique is extensible to any available graphene forms that past designers supplied with a circuit model. We compare and contrast the full-wave simulation results with the suggested circuit model. The metallic ground prohibited the transmission of the episode wave, and all occurrence electromagnetic waves are restricted in the basic design between the graphene disk. As a consequence, a perfect narrowband absorption peak is obtained. Disk absorption spectra have been discovered for a variety of refractive lists. The findings of the circuit model and full-wave simulations appear to be balanced. This RI sensor is suitable for biomedical sensing because of the combination of its features. The proposed sensor's performance as a cancer early detection sensor was evaluated among biomedical sensors, and the findings indicated that the proposed sensor is an excellent candidate for this application.

A novel hybrid multimode interferometer for sensing applications operating with both TE and TM polarizations simultaneously is proposed and numerically demonstrated. The simulations were performed assuming an operating wavelength of 633 nm with the goal of future use as a biosensor, but its applications extend beyond that area and could be adapted for any wavelength or application of interest. By designing the mutimode waveguide core with a low aspect ratio, the confinement characteristics of TE modes and TM modes become very distinct and their interaction with the sample in the sensing area becomes very different as well, resulting in high device sensitivity. In addition, an excitation structure is presented, that allows good control over power distribution between the desired modes while also restricting the power coupled to other undesired modes. This new hybrid TE/TM approach produced a bulk sensitivity per sensor length of 1.798 rad and a bulk sensitivity per sensor area of 2.140 rad , which represents a much smaller footprint when compared to other MMI sensors, contributing to a higher level of integration, while also opening possibilities for a new range of MMI devices.

For the quick detection of the new Coronavirus (COVID-19), a highly sensitive D-shaped gold-coated surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor is presented. The COVID-19 virus may be quickly and accurately identified using the SPR-based biosensor, which is essential for halting the spread of this excruciating epidemic. The suggested biosensor is used for detection of the IBV i.e. infectious bronchitis viruses contaminated cell that belongs to the family of COVID-19 having a refractive index of - 0.96, - 0.97, - 0.98, - 0.99, - 1 that is observed with the change in EID concentration. Some important optical parameter variations are examined in the investigation process. Multiphysics version 5.3 with the Finite element method is used for the proposed biosensor. The proposed sensor depicts maximum wavelength sensitivity of 40,141.76 nm/RIU. Some other parameters such as confinement loss, crosstalk, and insertion loss are also analyzed for the proposed sensor. The reported minimum insertion loss for the refractive index (RI) - 1 is 2.9 dB. Simple design, good sensitivity, and lower value of losses make the proposed sensor proficient for the detection of infectious bronchitis viruses belonging to COVID-19.

This study presents the design and characterization of a highly Q-Factor and ultrasensitive THz refractive-index-based metamaterial biosensor for detecting coronaviruses at electronic infusion device (EID) concentrations and . The proposed biosensor is constructed using a gold plane perforated by a star shape. Moreover, the developed structure is polarization insensitive due to the rotatory symmetry and is angularly stable up to 90°. The proposed biosensor achieves near-perfect absorption at THz and THz. The full width at half-maximum is and comparative to the absorption frequency. In addition, the estimated free space absorptivity is 97.2% and 99.1% with a Q-Factor of 19.08 and 155.98 at 1.9656 THz and 3.3692 THz, respectively, when transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM) was selected. The perforated star-shaped was evaluated for IBV (Family of COVID-19) regarding frequency deviation, sensitivity, and figure of merit. Results show that at 1.9656 THz, the proposed design gives 30.8 GHz, 940.49 GHz/RIU, and 8.6, respectively, for 0.01 (EID/5 µL concentration) and 4.4 GHz, 2200 × 10 GHz/RIU, and 20,215.014, respectively at 1.9612 THz for 1000 (EID/5 µL concentration). Although the obtained results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed THz metamaterial biosensor in coronavirus detection, it has also been extended for other types of viruses, including H5N1, H5N2, H9N2, H4N6, and FAdV, based on the slight variations in their refractive indices. Additionally, the influence of the design parameters is optimized in order to achieve better performance.

This work proposes an optical fiber sensor capable of simultaneously determining the variation in the level and temperature of the waters of rivers in the Amazon using two in Fibers Bragg Grating (FBG) coupled to a metallic bellows structure, which was experimentally demonstrated in terms of the characterization of FBGs, where one of them is a temperature compensator. The system was simulated according to the Coupled Modes Theory (CMT) and the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) and experimentally the sensitivity of the sensors was analyzed from the wavelength displacement measurements, simultaneously varying the deformation and temperature. The experimental results show a sensitivity of 9.2 pm/cm and water level measurements up to the limit of 3.95 m with a wavelength variation of 3.69 nm for the strain sensor. The proposed sensor is simple and has enormous potential to be used to monitor the level of rivers in the Amazon in areas at risk of flooding.

The weakly nonlinear wave propagation that occurs in the presence of magnetic fields, in which energy is concentrated in a narrow band of wave-numbers in a dispersive and dissipative fluid. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the dimensional elliptic nonlinear Schrodinger equation under the influence of three different fractional operators. The generalized fractional soliton solutions and propagation of magnetohydrodynamics fluid in sort of solition will be visualized. The Conformable, and M-truncated fractional operator applied to classical evolution Schrodinger equation. In order to get the analytical closed form solution, one of the generalized approach new extended direct algebraic method is utilized. The fractional nonlinear elliptic Schrodinger equation is developed in three different fractional sense. The similarity transformation technique converted the controlling fractional system to ordinary differential equations. The fractional analytical solutions such as, plane solution, mixed hyperbolic solution, periodic and mixed periodic solutions, mixed trigonometric solution, trigonometric solution, shock solution, mixed shock singular solution, mixed singular solution, complex solitary shock solution, singular solution and shock wave solutions are obtained. The graphical 2-D and 3-D representation of the results is shown to express the propagation of fluid with the magnetic field by assuming the appropriate values of the involved parameters. The graphical performance of the obtained solution at various settings of parametric values and fractional order reveals new perspectives and fascinating model phenomena. The attained outcomes have significant applications and have opened up innovative development areas for research across numerous scientific fields.

During the outbreak of the COVID-19 illness, mRNA (messenger RNA) injections proved to be effective vaccination. Among the presently available analytical techniques, UV/VIS spectrophotometry is a trustworthy and practical instrument that may provide information on the chemical components of the vaccine at the molecular level. In this paper, we will present a one-dimensional grating of InGaAs as a prospect grating structure for UV-VIS spectrometer that can be used for mRNA vaccine development. The main parameters and the wavelength region used in mRNA vaccine development lies in the range of 200 nm to 700 nm (UV-VIS Range). The incorporation of new materials that are excellent for cutting-edge semiconductor industry procedures for MEMS manufacture, as well as new optimal parameters, will improve the grating and spectrometer's performance which will enhance the mRNA vaccine development and manufacturing workflows enabled by UV-VIS spectroscopy. Hence we evaluated the feasibility of the materials, Si (Silicon), GaN (Gallium Nitride), InGaAs (Indium Gallium Arsenide) and InP (Indium Phosphide) as a grating material. Reflection spectrum of the proposed structure shows 48% increase compared to the grating made up of Silicon. In order to model wave propagation in one grating unit cell, electromagnetic waves frequency domain interface is used. The periodic constraints of floquet periodicity are used for simulation at both faces of the unit cell. The reflectance of grating with each material as functions of the angle of incidence was plotted. Also we evaluated the effect of grating thickness, groove density, spectral resolution and efficiency over different materials namely Si, GaN, InGaAs and InP. After optimizing geometric parameters, the designed InGaAs based grating achieved a efficiency of 87.45% and can be a reliable prospect for mRNA based vaccine development.

Detection of low index liquid analytes in real-time, in-situ, and with high accuracy is of great importance in various scientific fields, particularly in medicine and biology. Accurate detection of plasma concentration in blood samples is one of the most significant usages of biosensors in medicine. In this paper, we report a highly sensitive biosensor using hollow core microstructure optical fibers (HC-MOFs) to detect low index liquid analytes with a particular focus on detection of plasma concentration in blood samples. We demonstrate how variations in plasma concentration in blood can change transmission spectra of the HC-MOF due to the photonic bandgap mechanism. We use the finite element approach to explore how the biosensor's performance depends on the number of capillary rings encircling the hollow core of the fibre. An average spectral and amplitude sensitivity of 8928.57 nm/RIU and 1.21 dB/RIU is reported for the optimized design of HC-MOF for five capillary rings with a refractive index detection range of 1.333 to 1.3385 for different ratios of plasma in blood serum. The proposed biosensor can have potential application in liquid analyte detection in medicine, chemistry, and biology where real-time and accurate data about liquid analytes are necessary for human metabolism.

In this work, the performance of wavelength division multiplexing based radio over free space optics (WDM-RoFSO) communication system is investigated utilizing OptiSystem 0.7 software. Four weather conditions are adopted in this paper, namely, clear, haze, rain and fog with attenuation losses of 0.2 dB/km, 2.3 dB/km, 4.3 dB/km and 8 dB/km, respectively In addition, a high radio frequency of 30 GHz with high bit rate of 160 Gbps is modulated and carried on optical signal for fifth generation (5G) applications. The dual channel technique is employed in order to enhance the performance parameters of proposed WDM-RoFSO communication system. The enhancement in the link range is about; 46.1%, 35%, 29.4% and 25.9% for clear, haze, rain and fog, respectively.

Currently, there is an increasing demand for the diagnostic techniques that provide functional and morphological information with early cancer detection capability. Novel modern medical imaging systems driven by the recent advancements in technology such as terahertz (THz) and infrared radiation-based imaging technologies which are complementary to conventional modalities are being developed, investigated, and validated. The THz cancer imaging techniques offer novel opportunities for label free, non-ionizing, non-invasive and early cancer detection. The observed image contrast in THz cancer imaging studies has been mostly attributed to higher refractive index, absorption coefficient and dielectric properties in cancer tissue than that in the normal tissue due the local increase of the water molecule content in tissue and increased blood supply to the cancer affected tissue. Additional image contrast parameters and cancer biomarkers that have been reported to contribute to THz image contrast include cell structural changes, molecular density, interactions between agents (e.g., contrast agents and embedding agents) and biological tissue as well as tissue substances like proteins, fiber and fat etc. In this paper, we have presented a systematic and comprehensive review of the advancements in the technological development of THz technology for cancer imaging applications. Initially, the fundamentals principles and techniques for THz radiation generation and detection, imaging and spectroscopy are introduced. Further, the application of THz imaging for detection of various cancers tissues are presented, with more focus on the in vivo imaging of skin cancer. The data processing techniques for THz data are briefly discussed. Also, we identify the advantages and existing challenges in THz based cancer detection and report the performance improvement techniques. The recent advancements towards THz systems which are optimized and miniaturized are also reported. Finally, the integration of THz systems with artificial intelligent (AI), internet of things (IoT), cloud computing, big data analytics, robotics etc. for more sophisticated systems is proposed. This will facilitate the large-scale clinical applications of THz for smart and connected next generation healthcare systems and provide a roadmap for future research.

This research manuscript focuses on the extraction of dark-bright solitons and periodic wave distributions of two models, namely, the Zakharov-Kuznetsov-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation and complex Kundu-Eckhaus equation with conformable derivative. To reach these important properties, the generalized exponential rational function method is considered. To observe wave distributions in periodic and singular sense, dynamical behaviour modulus of solutions are also archived. Strain conditions for validity of results obtained in this paper are also reported.

In this paper we present an exact analysis of the variation with temperature of the effective index of an arbitrary optical waveguide. Our results allow the design of temperature compensated devices using only a single parameter calculated at one temperature avoiding the need to perform an analysis over a range of temperatures. We derive expressions for both weakly and strongly guiding waveguides. We derive a complete analytical solution for the design of micro channel fibers where the micro channels are filled with a temperature compensating material whose refractive index equals that of the fiber cladding at a specified reference temperature. We also analyse the more general case including the effects of thermal expansion. We illustrate our analysis with the application to athermal fiber Bragg gratings and arrayed waveguide grating filters.