Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to infer others' mental states, is central to social interaction and may be sensitive to age-related differences. This study explored variations in cognitive and affective ToM across adulthood and examined the roles of executive functions (EFs), general cognition, and Cognitive Reserve (CR).

Workplace factors across middle and later life may influence cognitive aging and later-life cognitive change. We examined associations of job - education adaptation with global cognitive function (MMSE) in middle-aged and older Korean workers.

This study examined the relationships among kinesiophobia, pain, independence in activities of daily living (ADL), and life satisfaction in 125 residents of nursing homes. Standardized scales were used to assess kinesiophobia, pain, ADL independence, and life satisfaction. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that kinesiophobia was positively correlated with pain ( = 0.764,  < .001) and negatively correlated with ADL independence ( =  -0.772,  < .001) and life satisfaction ( =  -0.681,  < .001). Multiple regression analysis showed that pain (β = 0.47,  < .001), reduced ADL independence (β =  -0.38,  < .001), and lower life satisfaction (β =  -0.19,  = .010) significantly predicted kinesiophobia, explaining 70% of the variance (R = 0.700). Among pain subdimensions, pain-induced withdrawal was the strongest predictor. Mediation analysis demonstrated that kinesiophobia partially mediated the relationship between pain and life satisfaction (indirect effect B =  -0.158, 95% CI: -0.307 to -0.042). These findings indicate that pain, loss of independence, and reduced psychosocial well-being jointly contribute to fear of movement in institutionalized older adults. Targeted occupational therapy interventions focusing on pain management, autonomy enhancement, and psychological support may reduce kinesiophobia and improve overall well-being in this population.

Word retrieval difficulties, such as anomia, increase with age. While some language functions, like semantic knowledge, remain stable or improve, lexical retrieval declines, due to reduced processing speed, weaker inhibition, and increased lexical competition. The Picture-Word Interference (PWI) paradigm is commonly used to study these effects. Taxonomic relations (e.g. cow - horse) tend to increase interference, whereas thematic relations (e.g. cow - milk) may facilitate retrieval. This study investigates how semantic links influence lexical retrieval and whether these effects vary with age.

This study examined the role of memory-specific self-regulatory focus in guiding young and older adults' usage of everyday memory strategies Participants included 164 young (ages 18-23) and 204 older (ages 68-75) adults. Structural equation modeling tested our hypothesis that participants' prevention-based and promotion-based self-regulatory focus influences memory strategy use through memory beliefs (memory self-efficacy, present control, future control) and participant perceptions of the memory strategies' focus toward maximizing memory functioning versus preventing future memory decline. We modeled participants' utilization of both use-it-or-lose-it strategies (commonly used by older adults) and task-focused strategies (commonly used by young adults). Older adults endorsed stronger prevention-based and promotion-based self-regulatory focus than young adults did. We also found strong evidence that, for older adults, the significant relationship between self-regulatory focus and memory strategy use for both use-it-or-lose-it and task-focused strategies was frequently mediated by memory beliefs and less frequently mediated by the perceived focus of the strategies. In contrast, self-regulatory focus did not predict memory strategy use for young adults. Results suggest that encouraging a promotion- or prevention-focused lens based on an individual's memory self-efficacy and perceived control over their memory may foster optimal memory strategy selection in older adults' daily lives.

This work thoroughly evaluated the association between cognitive status, mental disorders, and semantic verbal fluency (SVF).

Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) lose the ability to manage their medications as the disease progresses. Several methods have been used to administer medication to patients at home using Internet of Things (IoT) devices for rehabilitation, but no studies have yet been published investigating the factors that influence the success or failure of this approach in older adults and patients with AD. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate differences in medication-related behaviors and their influencing factors in older adults, both with and without AD, using IoT.

Rhythmic auditory cueing (RAC) can enhance gait performance. However, little is known about its effect in people with cognitive impairment. The aim of this review was to describe, in studies of people with cognitive impairment: 1) the medical conditions and cognitive stages studied; 2) the RAC protocols and gait variables measured; and 3) whether cognitive stage or RAC protocols have differing effects on gait.

Aging is associated with declines in cognitive functions, particularly inhibitory control. The flanker task is widely used to assess this function; however, research findings on age-related differences remain inconsistent.

Cognitive tasks in dual-task (DT) tests can be either driven mainly by the environmental demands (an" environment-driven" mode of control) or guided mainly by the individual (a "self-generated" mode of control). Two new DT tests were conducted to determine the effect of cognitive task types (self-generated vs. environment-driven) on cognitive and motor interference in DT.

Aging is a gradual alteration in cells and tissues' homeostasis mechanisms. Oxidative stress is an important contributor to aging. This study investigated the effect of cedrol a natural sesquiterpene on rats' memory and oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde (MDA) and total thiol levels in the hippocampus, cortex, liver, heart, and kidneys of rats and their liver enzymes.

As the global older population grows, research increasingly focuses on their well-being and quality of life, aspects that are often impacted by a perceived loss of energy and fatigue. To describe individuals' energy dynamics, Self-Determination Theory (SDT) has recently proposed a dual-process model based on two constructs: Subjective Vitality and Depletion. The present study aims to validate the Subjective Vitality/Depletion Scale (SVDS), an instrument based on this model. A sample of 726 older adults (over 65) from two countries, USA and Italy (M = 72.57, SD = 6.49), completed the SVDS, the Big Five Inventory 2 - Extra Short Form (BFI-2-XS), the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12), and the Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (GSLTPAQ). Confirmatory factor analyses of the SVDS support the SDT hypothesis that Subjective Vitality and Depletion are two distinct, yet related constructs. Full measurement invariance for the scale was achieved across gender and age subgroups, while partial scalar invariance was established across different countries, suggesting some specific influence of cultural factors. Correlations with BFI-2-XS, SF-12, and GSLTPAQ support the SVDS validity. The study provided evidence that the SVDS based on SDT is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing Subjective Vitality and Depletion among older individuals.

Appearance aging stereotypes are prevalent in societal contexts. However, the effects of appearance aging stereotypes on psychological constructs, particularly appearance-related bodily self-consciousness in older adults, remain underexplored. This study explored the effect of appearance aging stereotypes on sense of body ownership in older adults and the mediating role of self-objectification.

The aim of this study was to examine the associations between age, chronic pain, cognitive function, and pain sensitivity by comparing older and younger adults. The study included 30 older adults with chronic pain, 31 older adults without pain, 26 young adults with chronic pain, and 31 young adults without pain. Cognitive functions were assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination, Stroop Test, and Clock Drawing Test. Pressure pain thresholds (PPT) were measured in the trapezius, deltoid, and tibialis anterior regions using an algometer. Significant differences were observed in most cognitive functions and PPTs between the groups, particularly between older adults with and without chronic pain, and young adults with and without chronic pain. Generally, moderate to strong negative correlations were found between pain sensitivity and cognitive performance in older adults with chronic pain. In contrast, young adults with chronic pain showed weaker and fewer correlations between pain sensitivity and cognitive function. Chronic pain has a more significant negative impact on cognitive function in older adults, who also exhibit stronger associations between pain sensitivity and cognitive decline. In contrast, younger adults with chronic pain demonstrate weaker correlations, potentially due to adaptive coping mechanisms. These findings highlight the need for age-specific interventions targeting both pain and cognitive decline in older populations.

This study examined (1) the association between spousal education and epigenetic age acceleration among US older adults, and (2) whether this varies by their own education level and marital history.

We examined how older and younger adults corrected misconceptions related to psychology when given the opportunity to engage in self-regulated learning (SRL).

Master athletes are a model of successful aging as their high level of physical activity limits the age-related change of physiological functions. This model is used to investigate how a high level of physical activity impacts cognitive functioning. We aim to study the effect of a high level of physical activity on the ability to manage interferences and binding processes in episodic encoding in an ecological situation. Fifty-five participants were recruited and separated into three groups: 18 master athletes (MA,  = 69.39,  = 1.13 years), 18 young adults (YA,  = 22.44,  = 1.10 years), and 19 older adults with a moderate level of physical activity (OA,  = 72.11,  = 1.10 years). Participants performed an episodic memory task assessing binding processes by encoding under either full or divided attention using a virtual reality technique. After encoding under divided attention, MA outperformed OA in the interference task as well as in the binding score on both free and cued recall. After encoding under full attention, YA and MA did not differ in the number of events recalled in cued recall. Furthermore, significant correlations were found between weekly volume of physical activity and cognitive performance. Binding and interference management, and probably the hippocampus along with prefrontal areas, benefit the most from a sustained and regular physical activity in master athletes.

The main aim of the current study was to investigate the role of adult age in the moral stereotyping of moral foundations. The five core moral foundations of Moral Foundations Theory were measured, including the individualizing foundations of and and the binding foundations of , , and .

The evidence of the benefits of Tai Chi Chuan on cognitive functions, aerobic capacity and mood states of older adults remain unclear. A cross-sectional study was designed to explore the potential effects of Tai Chi Chuan on these aspects.

We compared how young and older adults' memory self-efficacy (MSE) responded to changes in item framing and examined how MSE relates to depressive affect, humility, and objective memory abilities in these two age groups.

As one of the common senile syndromes characterized by the co-existence of physical frailty and cognitive impairment without dementia, the occurrence of cognitive frailty (CF) increases the risk of adverse health outcomes in older adults. However, its reversibility has attracted the interest of researchers in the search for effective interventions. A growing number of studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of regular physical exercise intervention on cognitive frailty in older adults with CF, but findings remain inconclusive. This study aimed to synthesize the pooled effect of current regular exercise intervention in community-dwelling older adults with cognitive frailty.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) in older patients with neurological gait disorder accompanied by various comorbidities.

Among the changes related to aging in the elderly, a decline in executive functions is notable. The present study aimed to investigate the comparative impact of active video games (AVG) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on executive functions in elderly individuals in Khuzestan province, Iran.

Elevated worry is an early indicator of cognitive decline in older adults. Worry has been linked to pro-inflammatory processes though the exact relations between worry, inflammation, and cognition in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) remain unexplored. The present study studied the association of worry with proteomic biomarkers of inflammation and cognition.

This exploratory study aimed to identify biomarkers of neuroplasticity that prevent cognitive decline. This study examined activity-dependent changes in the neurologic proteome that contributed to post-exercise improvements in processing speed in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

We investigated the relationship between health literacy (HL) and functioning among older adults with and without chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP). In a cross-sectional study, we assessed 121 older adults with CMP and 53 without pain using WHODAS 2.0 for functioning and the Newest Vital Sign for HL assessment. Cluster analysis identified groups based on functioning levels. A decision tree model was developed, to account for nonlinear interactions. We found a relationship of inadequate HL with lower functioning in older adults with CMP, particularly when aged over 70 and those younger but with lower education levels. Findings highlight the importance of screening HL among older adults with CMP and considering it for tailoring interventions.

To examine why older adults avoid choices more, two pre-registered, U.S.-based studies ( = 164,  = 50.71,  = 485,  = 51.08) evaluated the roles of cognitive load and affect. In Study 2, half were randomized to a writing condition theorized to decrease avoidance. Across studies, older age was positively associated with avoiding choices and improved affect after doing so. Avoidance was linked to perceiving higher cognitive loads but neither load nor other covariates accounted for older adults' avoidance tendencies. The writing condition resulted in lower cognitive loads and more positive decision-related affect but did not decrease avoidance.

Olfactory-based cognitive stimulation is frequently proposed for memory-impaired patients (namely dementia patients), but little is known about the scientific rationale underlying odor choice.

Cognitive decline in non-pathological aging is widely prevalent among the aging population. The current study assessed the impact of cognitive training (Ct) with multiple modules targeting various facets of learning and memory and the additional influence of an enriched environment (Ct+ee) on hippocampal subfields of aging male rats.

The study examined the association of various socioeconomic, demographic, health risk behavior, and social capital factors with the cognitive health status of older adults in India.