This review systematically summarizes the application of nanomaterial-mediated intra-articular targeted drug delivery systems in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) and their regulatory mechanisms on key cellular signaling pathways. Studies have shown that novel nanocarriers - e.g. nanoparticles, nanogels, liposomes - can effectively load, deliver, and controllably release therapeutic agents, significantly enhancing drug bioavailability and reducing systemic toxicity. By precisely modulating signaling pathways, nanomaterials (NM) can effectively suppress inflammatory responses, alleviate oxidative stress, promote chondrocyte anabolism, delay extracellular matrix degradation, and regulate programmed cell death. This study highlights the potential of NM as a multi-target, synergistic therapeutic strategy for OA intervention, providing a theoretical and experimental basis for the development of next-generation precision therapies for OA.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of global mortality, with conventional therapies mainly providing symptomatic relief without targeting underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. Additionally, limitations of systemic drug administration, including poor tissue targeting and low accumulation, highlight the need for innovative approaches.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the (CFTR) gene, leading to impaired ion transport by the CFTR protein and accumulation of thick, sticky mucus, resulting in chronic lung disease and other organ complications. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) therapies hold great potential for CF, as they can be used for both CFTR mRNA replacement and editing of the gene, which could mitigate the pathophysiological and clinical symptoms of CF.

Pediatric intranasal (IN) drug delivery is a promising noninvasive way of administering medication, offering a significant improvement over parenteral and oral methods. However, its effectiveness is hindered by major technical challenges, primarily stemming from the wide anatomical variations among children and the difficulty in achieving consistent dosing. This expert opinion explores an integrated approach to overcome these obstacles.

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease urgently require new therapeutic approaches. Despite significant efforts, no disease-modifying therapies targeting specific molecular pathways have demonstrated consistent clinical efficacy. This challenge has shifted attention toward drug delivery strategies that improve bioavailability, targeting, and patient accessibility. Intranasal delivery has emerged as a promising, non-invasive approach that bypasses the blood-brain barrier, and improves patient compliance. Lipid-based systems, especially following the success of COVID-19 vaccines, have gained attention as versatile platforms for delivering RNAs. Their ability to encapsulate diverse payloads and tunable composition makes them ideal candidates for targeting neurodegenerative disorders via the intranasal route.

Peptides play diverse roles in biological processes, including drug discovery, antibacterial activity, and protein-protein interactions, making peptide prediction a crucial field. The development of bioinformatics tools has significantly enhanced our ability to study and harness peptide potential. Among these, cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) are a unique class of polypeptides capable of crossing cell membranes, facilitating the intracellular delivery of therapeutic agents such as small molecules, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids. This ability has expanded possibilities in drug delivery, gene therapy, and molecular imaging. However, identifying and designing effective CPP remains challenging.

The nose-to-brain route is a promising noninvasive strategy to circumvent the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and directly target the central nervous system (CNS), addressing the pivotal challenge of poor drug delivery in neurology. This review provides a strategic overview of the biological barriers and advanced nano-strategies, offering a roadmap for future research and clinical translation.

While generic inhalers are approved based on therapeutic equivalence to their reference listed drug (RLD) counterparts, design and labeling differences may unintentionally affect product usability and patient adherence. Comparative use data for drug-device combination products such as inhalers is limited, leaving gaps in understanding how design variations influence use errors.

Calcium carbonate particles are a very potent type of inorganic drug delivery carrier, which have attractive pH responsiveness, strong mechanical properties, and a relatively high loading capacity. Adding organic constituents, like hydrogels, to calcium carbonate particles results in hybrid carriers, where the size, loading capacity, and release profiles can be controlled with a higher precision.

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) have shown significant promise as a novel oral delivery system for nucleotide-based drugs. The successful oral delivery of nucleotide drugs using PEVs paves the way for developing innovative nucleotide delivery systems in terms of inflammatory bowel disease, cancer and metabolic diseases treatment. By utilizing surface and other engineering modifications, PEVs can circumvent the challenges of oral administration posed by the gastrointestinal barrier and enzymatic degradation.

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) have emerged as natural nanocarriers with promising applications in drug delivery and precision medicine. Secreted by plant cells, PDEVs facilitate intercellular communication by transporting metabolites. Unlike conventional liposomes and mammalian-derived EVs, PDEVs demonstrate excellent biocompatibility, stability, and the ability to cross biological barriers without inducing inflammatory or cytotoxic effects. Their capacity to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic therapeutic agents highlight their versatility as targeted delivery platforms.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer mortality, with poor outcomes driven by the tumor microenvironment (TME). Heterogeneous cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM), suppress immunity, and secrete cytokines that promote progression and resistance. As both barriers and therapeutic targets, CAFs are central to strategies aimed at overcoming treatment limitations in CRC.

Conventional drug delivery systems in cancer therapy face limitations such as poor targeting and adverse side effects. Nanoparticle-based approaches, particularly when integrated with microfluidic technology, have emerged as promising strategies to improve therapeutic precision and outcomes, especially in liver cancer treatment.

Conventional drug delivery for cancer therapy often suffer from poor targeting efficiency, limited bioavailability, and severe off-target toxicity. Nanoparticle-based approaches have emerged as transformative alternatives, particularly when integrated with microfluidic technologies. In the context of liver cancer, microfluidic-assisted polymeric nanocarriers provide a highly controllable and reproducible route for improving drug delivery outcomes.

Despite high vaccination coverage, pertussis remains endemic, and epidemic cycles continue to occur every 3-5 years, illustrating the shortcomings of current vaccination strategies. Unlike current vaccines, especially acellular pertussis vaccines, which prevent disease for short duration but do not prevent nasal colonization by the etiological agent , natural infection can induce durable immunity against disease and infection. Accordingly, live-attenuated nasal pertussis vaccine candidates have been developed to mimic the immunogenicity of natural infection without causing disease.

Once regarded merely as an iron-storage protein, ferritin is now recognized as a dynamic nanoplatform with significant applications in nanomedicine. By leveraging its intrinsic tropism for tumor cells together with its hollow cage structure, ferritin can be loaded with a variety of anticancer drugs.

With the rapid expansion of the biopharmaceutical industry, particularly in chronic disease treatment and immunotherapies, self-injection has emerged as a preferred method for patient-administered therapies.