Pulses are a rich dietary source of polyphenols, compounds increasingly known for their role in disease prevention and overall health. Recent advances show that fermentation can not only improve the bioavailability of pulse polyphenols but can also generate new metabolites. This review explores how these fermentation-driven molecular transformations enhance the anticancer effect of pulse polyphenol, highlighting newly identified microbial metabolite pathways. We also describe how fermented polyphenols interact with the gut microbiome, influencing pathways linked to cancer. Looking ahead, precision fermentation and multi-omics profiling promise to accelerate the development of next-generation functional foods and support cancer therapeutics, bridging the gap between laboratory innovation and clinical application.

Impacts of supranutritions of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (VD) on nutritional physiology of small intestines of chickens remains unclear.

Human diet is changing rapidly around the world, and literature suggests that diet impacts human microbiomes. It is unclear whether maternal nutrient intake is associated with the milk and infant gastrointestinal (GI; gut) microbiomes in nutritionally-transitioning populations where wide dietary variability may uniquely shape microbial exposures and responses.

Despite the known strong beneficial association between high-fiber (HiFi) consumption and reduced incidence of chronic diseases, a lack of knowledge exists on the role of pulse fibers in mitigating cardiometabolic risk.

As health issues associated with obesity typically develop or worsen owing to increases in body weight and visceral fat, weight loss is important to prevent severe obesity.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing public health issue. Although selenium (Se) is essential for physiological functions and health, its clear link to T2D and related diseases is not yet fully understood. The 2021 meta-analysis of observational studies indicated a positive association between Se and T2D. Current observational studies regarding Se and T2D have proliferated rapidly, particularly with new data emerging from China; this evidence needs to be re-searched and summarized. Furthermore, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews regarding Mendelian randomization (MR) studies and the association between Se and diabetes-associated complications. Thus, in this comprehensive review, which integrated narrative synthesis and meta-analyses, we reviewed the experimental, observational, MR studies, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Se in T2D and related complications. The intricate association between Se and T2D and related diseases is discussed, as well as the limitations of the existing studies and the reasons for inconsistent results. A narrative review of experimental data finds that supranutritional Se intake/abnormal selenoprotein expression promotes the T2D-like phenotype. Meanwhile, updated random-effects meta-analyses of both observational trials and MR trials support that high-Se status increases the T2D. However, meta-analyses of RCTs have not supported that Se supplementation is harmful to the incidence of T2D. Moreover, there is growing evidence that high-Se status improves prognosis and reduces the risk of complications in individuals with T2D, such as diabetic cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, retinopathy, and foot ulcers. Similarly complex relationships have been observed in diabetes-related liver disease; a positive association was observed between Se and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease based on meta-analysis, yet Se appears to protect against liver fibrosis. These complex, multiphased effects in the relationship between Se and T2D and associated complications have increased the challenges of making more appropriate dietary recommendations to achieve the optimal concentration range for humans.

Early weaning may induce significant oxidative stress in piglets, potentially leading to hepatic lipid deposition and adversely affecting both metabolic health and growth.

Caloric restriction (CR) is reported to promote longevity and improve metabolism in different species, such as rodents and flies. However, limited studies have examined the effects of CR on obesity-associated psychiatric disorders and the underlying mechanisms.

Recent findings have revealed that high soy food consumption may prevent cardiovascular diseases. However, their role in preventing atrial fibrillation (AF) remains unexplored.

Skeletal muscle is essential for exercise and maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Myo-inositol (INS), the main isomer of inositol, has been shown to enhance glucose metabolism and skeletal muscle growth in fish. However, its effect on skeletal muscle development in mammals remains unclear.

In the general population, fish is the main source of Methylmercury (MeHg) and long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3PUFAs). MeHg is a neurotoxin and reproductive health disruptor. MeHg exposure has been associated with adverse reproductive and neurological health outcomes, whereas n3PUFAs have been demonstrated to be beneficial in attenuating the adverse impact on neurological and reproductive health outcomes. However, there is limited epidemiological evidence evaluating joint effects of both exposure biomarkers concurrently on women's reproductive health.

Weaning-induced oxidative stress impairs feed intake and compromises intestinal health in piglets. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a bioactive triterpenoid from licorice, has multiple biological effects, but its protective role under oxidative stress in piglets remains unclear.

The nutritional availability and toxicity of Se compounds vary considerably. We previously identified two N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-conjugated Se forms: 1β-methylseleno-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (a methylated urinary metabolite) and 1β-seleno-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (reduced selenosugar; a non-methylated precursor).

Dietary inorganic nitrate from vegetable sources has been shown to lower blood pressure (BP) and improves endothelial function. However, the impact of nitrate from different dietary sources on BP remains unclear.

The gut microbiome significantly influences human health with dietary patterns, a key factor that modulates the structure and function of microbiome consortia. Plant-based diets (PBDs), including vegan and vegetarian, are linked to positive alterations in gut microbiota by stimulating the bacterial growth necessary for producing short-chain fatty acids. These microbial alterations help reduce inflammation, enhance gut barrier integrity, and improve metabolic health. However, not all PBDs offer beneficial effects. Recent findings highlighted that raw or minimally processed foods may transmit plant and soil-derived microbes, such as Enterobacter hormaechei, Citrobacter freundii, Raoultella ornithinolytica, and Klebsiella pneumonia into the human gut, raising concern about opportunistic infections. Although PBDs benefit in lowering the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease, proper dietary planning is necessary to prevent potential nutrient deficiencies. Upcoming research should explore personalized nutrition, long-term microbiome shifts, and microbial transplants to improve gut health through PBDs.

Cottonseed oil (CSO) has displayed beneficial effects regarding blood lipids, albeit in relatively high doses.

Kefir has beneficial effects on the gut microbiota and has potential health benefits due to its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties.

Iron deficiency during pregnancy has potentially serious health consequences for both the mother and her offspring. Few prospective studies have considered the impact of maternal nonanemic iron deficiency in early pregnancy on offspring health outcomes.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is widely used as both a food and medicinal herb, exhibiting potent hypolipidemic properties. Although traditional turmeric decoctions are typically prepared with water or low concentration alcohol, how alcohol affects the composition and bioactivity of turmeric decoction-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (TELNs) remains largely unknown.