The global rise in dementia, including early-onset cases, imposes a growing burden on patients and caregivers. While midlife obesity is a recognized risk factor, the role of body weight fluctuation in dementia and cognitive decline remains uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the association between weight variability and the risk of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and cognitive decline.

Obesity is understood as a condition driven by interactions between genetics and environmental factors. The role of CD36 in the regulation of lipid metabolism and ectopic fat accumulation emerges as a key area of interest. This review presents CD36 not only as a crucial facilitator of fatty acid uptake but also as a regulator of how and where excess lipids are stored. Ectopic fat accumulation-lipid deposition in non-adipose tissues such as the liver, muscle, and pancreas-is linked to obesity-related complications, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and cardiovascular risk. Through CD36, tissues that normally play minor roles in lipid storage become overloaded, leading to metabolic dysfunction. We offer a fresh perspective on the adipose tissue expandability hypothesis, positioning CD36 as a regulator of adipose tissue's capacity to store lipids. Possibly, once adipose tissue reaches its expansion limit, CD36-mediated mechanisms drive the spillover of lipids into ectopic sites, exacerbating obesity complications. This insight offers a transformative view of CD36 as a player in the metabolic tipping point between healthy fat storage and pathogenic fat deposition. The connection between CD36 and extracellular vesicles (EVs) hints at a broader network of inter-tissue communication that could further amplify ectopic fat accumulation. Finally, we list evidence showing how CD36 genetics are related to the predisposition to develop and manage obesity. By understanding the role of CD36 in fat storage regulation, new personalized therapeutic strategies may emerge, targeting its pathways to prevent or reverse the metabolic damage caused by ectopic fat.

Obesity is a chronic disease whose complexity exceeds the capabilities of traditional, BMI-centric care models. Here, we present OBE-DIGITHUM as an exemplar of a clinician-led, digitally enabled pathway that reorganizes obesity care around comprehensive phenotyping, patient engagement, and value-based principles. Based on our multi-year implementation and accumulated experience, we propose OBE-DIGITHUM as a novel clinical pathway that distills practical guidance for clinicians and health-system leaders. We outline how to structure referrals, previsit digital intake, automated staging, and a bimodal (in-person + virtual) education program that reallocates clinician time toward shared decision-making while reducing administrative burden. We also share illustrative service metrics to show how the pathway operates in practice. Our aim is to offer a blueprint-grounded in real-world practice-that others can adapt to improve the effectiveness, reach, and sustainability of obesity care.

Despite the established link between obesity and erectile dysfunction (ED) and the alarming rise in global obesity rates, awareness of this connection remains lacking in clinical practice and among patients. This systematic literature review aimed to investigate the frequency of ED in patients with obesity.

This rapid review aimed to evaluate the effects of GLP-1 RAs on eating behaviors and eating disorder risk. Databases were searched to January 2025 to identify studies evaluating GLP-1 RA treatment for adolescents or adults with obesity or Type 2 diabetes. Eligible studies reported adverse events, changes in eating disorder risk, or eating behaviors post-intervention or follow-up. Data were synthesized narratively. Of 1597 records screened, 25 studies (k) were included (two adolescent, n = 275; 23 adult, n = 8722). Two studies reported eating disorder adverse events, and two reported no binge eating adverse events. Liraglutide reduced global eating disorder risk scores, with no differences between groups (k = 1). Binge eating episodes and prevalence reduced following liraglutide and semaglutide, respectively. Binge eating scores improved with liraglutide compared to placebo (k = 2). Food cravings following liraglutide (k = 1) or semaglutide (k = 6) were improved (k = 6) or unchanged (k = 1). There was no difference in disinhibition between liraglutide and comparator (k = 2) with one study reporting a reduction in both groups. Three non-RCTs reported reduced disinhibition with liraglutide. Limited data are available on GLP-1 RAs, eating behaviors and eating disorders. For most, eating behaviors may improve or remain unchanged. Comprehensive assessment of eating behaviors is needed to understand the benefits and risks of treatment.

Time-restricted eating (TRE) limits food intake to a specific daily window and has gained popularity, showing modest benefits for cardiometabolic health. However, perspectives and experiences from adults and healthcare professionals about TRE remain underexplored but are vital for successful implementation in research and clinical practice.

Early-life exposures might negatively affect fetal and infant development, predisposing children to obesity. This study aimed to systematically identify and evaluate risk factors for childhood obesity in preconception, pregnancy, and infancy, and assess their potential for future prediction and prevention strategies.

To address the high prevalence and significant burden of overweight and obesity, surveillance through sentinel networks should be considered. The aim of this review is to identify the sentinel surveillance networks in relation to overweight and obesity and to describe their characteristics and methodology.

There are large evidence gaps for pregnant people, and research in pregnancy should be prioritized to ensure strong evidence to guide safe clinical practice. GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) research is a modern example that shows how pregnancy continues to preclude individuals from participating in and subsequently receiving potential benefits of research or understanding their important effects. In this article, we utilize GLP-1RAs to practically discuss prior ethical work on research in pregnancy, we specifically apply Miranda Waggoner and Anne Lyerly's framework of the protectionist ethic to the case of GLP-1RA research, and we consider risk as well as potential maternal and fetal benefit as they relate to GLP-1RAs. Finally, reproductive justice as an organizing theoretical framework offers many important insights into critically evaluating research, pregnancy, and GLP-1RAs and should be centered throughout research in pregnancy efforts. Strong ethical analyses, rooted in reproductive justice, are critical to informing clinical science in pregnant humans to narrow the evidence gaps, including with GLP-1RAs.

Although much research focuses on the effects of hyperglycemia during pregnancy on maternal and offspring health, this narrative review specifically centers on the role of insulin resistance (IR) in pregnancy complications and offspring long-term health. Although hyperglycemia and IR are closely intertwined, this review deliberately prioritizes IR as a distinct yet interconnected factor driving metabolic dysfunction. During pregnancy, IR naturally increases to support fetal development. However, when IR becomes excessive, it can lead to metabolic disturbances and placental dysfunction. These conditions elevate the risk of pregnancy complications, impair fetal development, and adversely affect the long-term metabolic and cognitive health of the offspring. This review explores key factors influencing pregnancy-related IR, including genetic predisposition, lifestyle, physiological adaptations, hormonal fluctuations, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. It further examines how these factors worsen maternal metabolic imbalances and contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes, including gestational hyperglycemia and hypertensive disorders, as well as their effects on neonatal complications and the long-term health of the offspring. Notably, this review is one of the first to address the transgenerational inheritance of IR, highlighting potential mechanisms such as epigenetic modifications, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the vertical transmission of altered maternal microbiota. In addition, we outline various preventive and therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating these issues. These strategies include lifestyle changes, pharmacological treatments, nutritional supplementation, and emerging therapies such as mitochondrial-derived peptides and adipokine inhibitors. This narrative review provides a focused perspective on how pregnancy-related IR influences maternal and offspring health, offering insights for future clinical management and research.

This scoping review identified existing outcome measurement instruments (OMIs) for weight and body composition in children ≤ 1 year of age and how they are used in clinical trials. This information will improve outcome selection in future trials.

Digital health interventions are effective for weight management and improving dietary intake, but studies in culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) and Indigenous populations are limited. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the effectiveness of digital health interventions on body weight and dietary intake outcomes in CALD and Indigenous populations.

The global prevalence of obesity and metabolic disorders presents a substantial public health issue, with projections indicating that, by 2035, approximately 54% of the worldwide adult population will be classified as having overweight or obesity. Exercise immunometabolism has developed as a field investigating the mechanistic interplay between physical activity and the reciprocal regulation of immune and metabolic processes. Central to this paradigm are myokines, cytokines secreted by skeletal muscle during contraction, mediating the systemic benefits of exercise. Myokine meteorin-like protein (Metrnl) has attracted scientific attention due to its multiple roles in health and disease, including both protective metabolic effects and potential involvement in cancer progression. This review synthesizes current knowledge on Metrnl as an exercise-responsive myokine, examining its molecular regulation and its modulation by various exercise modalities, with high-intensity and resistance training showing the most pronounced effects. We present evidence from both preclinical models and clinical studies of Metrnl's anti-inflammatory and metabolic actions across multiple organ systems, including its role in mediating muscle-adipose, muscle-pancreas, muscle-cardiovascular, muscle-liver, muscle-immune, and muscle-brain crosstalk. Preclinical research has demonstrated Metrnl's effects on glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, adipose tissue browning, and cardiovascular function while attenuating inflammation, with clinical studies beginning to validate these findings in humans. Despite promising results, challenges remain in translating these insights into clinical practice, including variability in human responses and knowledge gaps regarding demographic influences. This review addresses these translational challenges and proposes future research directions to utilize the therapeutic potential of Metrnl in metabolic and inflammatory disorders.

Obesity represents a significant threat to global public health, with an estimated 16% of adults worldwide (2022) being classified as people with obesity, with a body mass index of 30 or more. Bariatric surgery is regarded as the most effective treatment option for people with obesity, with the three main types of bariatric surgery being gastric bypass or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, laparoscopic gastric band, and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Drug bioavailability after oral administration is affected by several factors including properties of the drug itself, formulation properties, and anatomical and physiological factors. Procedures such as gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy result in significant anatomical and physiological alterations thought to profoundly influence oral drug bioavailability postoperatively. Consequently, following bariatric surgery, there is a risk of subtherapeutic drug levels leading to treatment failure, or the risk of potential toxicity if levels are elevated. In this review, previously unexamined aspects such as the impact of the "very low-calorie diet" (VLCD) initiated prior to surgery on anatomical parameters and subsequent pharmacokinetic changes, are explored. This review also highlights alterations in hepatic and renal volume that are expected to have a significant impact on renal and hepatic clearance. A clearer understanding of the effect of physiological alterations and weight loss on drug performance after surgery would support more evidence-based medicines optimization in this frequently complex patient group.

We examined the cross-sectional association of BMI with limitations in instrumental (IADL) and basic (ADL) activities of daily living in surveys from middle- and high-income countries in 2015-2018; we also compared changes in these associations from 2002-2006 to 2015-2018.

The global rise in obesity presents a major public health challenge, commonly associated with an increased risk of noncommunicable diseases. Paradoxically, individuals with obesity, particularly older adults and those with comorbidities, are also at risk of malnutrition. This coexistence, driven by inadequate nutritional intake, chronic inflammation, and immune dysfunction, highlights the need to understand these overlapping health risks. Obesity complicates the identification and management of malnutrition. This review examines current screening and diagnostic methods for malnutrition in individuals with obesity.

Very few studies exist examining the effects of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in patients with obesity, which is notable given that mTBI represents ~80% of all recorded TBIs. Given that approximately 40% of US adults have an obese body mass index (with predictions that this proportion will continue to increase), it would be prudent to focus efforts on targeted treatments for this growing subpopulation of patients with TBI. Authors have postulated that higher preinjury inflammation, as observed in the patient with obesity, could lead to greater spikes in acute inflammation following traumatic brain injury and higher chances of prolonged inflammation. Evidence to support this hypothesis has emerged recently, but this body of research has limitations such as evaluating TBI outcomes at variable timepoints along with an underappreciation of the heterogeneity of TBI outcomes. Our goal was to identify gaps where future work is needed by synthesizing the state-of-the-science across these clinical variabilities. In this scoping review, we summarize the available literature across different TBI severities and time from injury before providing a brief summary of basic science evidence on the topic and opportunities for future research.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) improve outcomes in heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction. Whether GLP-1 RA prevent new-onset HF in Type 2 diabetes or obesity requires further investigation.

Anti-obesity medications promote greater degrees of weight loss than lifestyle interventions alone. There is an important need to understand whether loss of skeletal muscle during pharmacologically induced weight loss is clinically significant due to its essential role in health and disease. Most randomized, placebo-controlled studies addressing this question report on fat-free or lean mass estimated from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry or bioelectrical impedance without defining the composition of these components. Fat-free, lean, and skeletal muscle mass are not synonymous terms, and studies frequently fail to define lean mass, which may or may not include bone. Lack of standard preparatory procedures prior to measurement, differences in medications, doses, or intervention lengths, and inclusion of varied lifestyle modifications prevent reaching a consensus regarding the impact on skeletal muscle of pharmacologically induced weight loss. There is a critical need for greater precision and depth of understanding when selecting a measurement method and describing body compartments.

Mexico faces a public health crisis due to the rising prevalence of obesity and noncommunicable diseases, primarily driven by unhealthy food environments.